1.What is the significance of cloudy urine
Under normal circumstances fresh urine is clear and transparent, if the discharged urine is cloudy and not clear it is called cloudy urine. There are three most common causes, namely celiac disease, phosphatiduria and pus urine. Celiac disease is a condition in which the urine contains a celiac component that appears milky white to the naked eye, like milk, and can also form celiac clots if left for a long time. The most common cause is filariasis, which can sometimes coexist with hematuria, called celiac disease. The celiac test can be diagnosed by a qualitative test. An equal amount of ether is added to the urine specimen, shaken and mixed thoroughly, then the ether layer is removed and placed on a slide in drops, and Sudan III staining solution is added and observed under a microscope. Red lipid droplets can be seen, and the lower layer of urine is also seen to become clear. Phosphaturia refers to the observation of cloudy urine like limewater due to the high phosphate content in the urine, and a large number of irregular phosphate crystals can be seen on microscopic examination, which can be caused by alkalinization of urine or the presence of bacterial infections in the urinary tract that can break down urea. Phosphaturia can turn clear after heating or adding acid to the urine and can be distinguished from celiac disease and pus urine by this feature. Pus urine refers to urine containing pus components, and a large number of pus cells can be observed on microscopic examination. The cause is the presence of infection in the urinary tract, and infections originating from the kidney, bladder, prostate or urethra can lead to pus urine.
2.What is hematuria
Normal urine should contain a very small amount of red blood cells. Uncentrifuged urine can have 0 to 2 red blood cells per high magnification field under the microscope, and if it exceeds this number, it is hematuria.
According to the degree of hematuria, it can be divided into two categories: naked eye hematuria and microscopic hematuria. Naked eye hematuria is red hematuria that can be distinguished with the naked eye, and the source of hematuria is often further identified by the urine three-cup test. Microscopic hematuria is urine that cannot be distinguished with the naked eye, but can be observed under the microscope as red blood cells. Normal urine subjected to urine sediment examination should have no more than four red blood cells per high-powered field of view, otherwise it is abnormal and is called microscopic hematuria.
Hematuria is the most common and important symptom of urological and male genital disorders. The most common cause of hematuria is urological and male genital disorders. It can also be caused by other disorders outside the urinary tract, such as cardiovascular disorders, blood disorders, and allergic diseases. In urology, the clinical significance of carnal hematuria is even more important and should be given high priority. The diagnosis should be distinguished from pigmenturia, hemoglobinuria, and menstrual blood or bleeding hemorrhoids mixed with urine. The diagnosis of a patient with hematuria is to address the two issues of localization and characterization, i.e., where the blood comes from and the cause of the bleeding.
Nephrogenic hematuria is usually accompanied by tubular and significant proteinuria, while hematuria originating from the urinary system usually has a low protein content in the urine, no higher than 100-300 mg/dL.
3.What are the common causes of hematuria
Systemic diseases
Hematological diseases: leukemia, thrombocytopenic purpura, hemophilia, aplastic anemia, scurvy, etc.
Infectious diseases: epidemic hemorrhagic fever, scarlet fever, leptospirosis, filariasis, etc.
Cardiovascular diseases: atherosclerosis, congestive heart failure, endocarditis, embolic diseases, etc.
Connective tissue diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatic fever, polyarteritis nodosa, etc.
Drug: Sulfonamides, salicylates, phenols, alcohols, turpentine, arsenic, anticoagulants, etc.
Allergic diseases: allergic purpura, etc.
Urinary system diseases
Congenital disorders: polycystic kidney, spongy kidney, renal prolapse, etc.
Urinary tract injury: renal trauma, ureteral injury, bladder rupture, medical injury and biopsy of the urinary tract, etc.
Urological stones: stones in the renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra, etc.
Inflammatory diseases: all types of nephritis, etc.
Infectious diseases: pyelonephritis, cystitis, acute prostatitis, tuberculosis of the kidney and bladder, parasitic diseases of the urinary system, etc.
Urological tumors: almost all tumors involving the urethra
Diseases of the organs adjacent to the urinary tract
Inflammatory diseases: acute appendicitis, acute and chronic pelvic inflammatory disease, inflammation of the colon and rectum, etc.
4.What is celiac disease
If celiac fluid leaks into the urine, it is called celiac disease. The common cause is due to blockage of the thoracic duct or extensive obstruction of the abdominal lymphatic vessels.
If the thoracic duct is blocked due to various pathologies, the lymphatic fluid cannot drain into the blood circulation normally, and the celiac fluid enters the urinary lymphatic ducts retrogradely along the lumbar stem lymphatic ducts, resulting in abnormally high pressure in the lymphatic ducts, or even varices and ruptures into the urine. When the abdominal lymphatics are extensively obstructed, lymphatic fluid draining from the intestine does not reach the anterior abdominal aortic lymph nodes and reach the celiac pond properly via the intestinal trunk lymphatics. If the lymphatic vessels are blocked in the intestinal cavity or in the anterior abdominal aorta, celiac fluid must reach the celiac pond via the lumbar trunk lymphatics, and if the latter are also blocked, celiac fluid will flow backwards into the urinary lymphatic tracts, resulting in an abnormally high pressure in the tracts, and if rupture occurs, celiac disease will form.
The common causes of celiac disease are generally parasitic and non-parasitic. Lesions such as tuberculosis, tumors, trauma, surgery, and congenital lymphatic duct malformations can sometimes cause celiac disease.
5.What is renal anemia?
Renal anemia is a symptom of anemia that is accompanied by damage to kidney function due to various kidney diseases. Uremic patients with serum creatinine of 3.5mg/dl or more are usually accompanied by different degrees of anemia. And as the kidney function continues to progress and deteriorate, the anemia symptoms will also worsen.
The causes of renal anemia are usually due to a variety of factors, the most important of which is the lack of erythropoietin production by the kidneys. Other causes include shortened red blood cell lifespan, iron and folic acid deficiency, bleeding, blood loss during dialysis, hyperparathyroidism, secondary infections, etc.