Interventional treatment of gastrointestinal tumors mainly includes vascular interventions, non-vascular interventions and dual interventions of vascular and non-vascular treatments. Vascular interventions are mainly transvascular perfusion and perfusion embolization. Non-vascular interventions are mainly permanent stenting with membrane. The combination of vascular and non-vascular interventions is of great value in the palliative treatment of gastrointestinal tumors. 1.Esophageal cancer 1.1 Vascular interventions The main vascular interventions are super-selective esophageal artery perfusion chemotherapy. Zhao Zhenhuaet al studied the selection of target arteries for arterial cannulation chemotherapy for esophageal cancer, and concluded that the upper thoracic esophageal cancer is mainly supplied by the bronchial artery or the esophageal branch from the intercostal artery; the lower thoracic esophageal cancer is mainly supplied by the intrinsic esophageal artery; the abdominal esophageal cancer is mainly supplied by the left gastric artery. Ma Guangqinet al achieved some recent efficacy in patients with inoperable advanced esophageal cancer using bronchial artery and left gastric artery perfusion to improve the quality of survival and prolong life. Wang Linchuan et al Preoperative intervention of pancreatic cancer using the left gastric artery can shrink the tumor lesion faster; reduce the infiltrative adhesion of the tumor; increase the edema around the tumor lesion; facilitate the surgical resection and peeling of the tumor; and significantly reduce the bleeding during surgery; and effectively reduce the chance of recurrence and metastasis after surgery. The interventional treatment of advanced cardia cancer by Xie Qikang et al showed that arterial infusion chemotherapy is a safe, rapid and effective treatment for advanced cardia cancer. 1.2 Non-vascular interventions The main non-vascular interventions are X-ray guided internal stenting. In 63 patients with esophageal cardia cancer and fistula, Ji Fa Chao et al placed endoprosthesis and concluded that endoprosthesis is an effective treatment for malignant stenosis of esophageal cardia; stenting with membrane has good effect in treating esophageal cardia cancer combined with esophageal tracheal fistula. Zhang B.S. et al. used a domestic CZES self-expanding membrane stent in combination with other therapies to treat 151 patients with severe advanced esophageal cancer cardia, and concluded that it could achieve satisfactory results and significantly improve patients’ quality of life and enhance their health. In 117 cases of advanced esophageal cancer patients with domestic and imported stents, Yang Renjie et al concluded that there was no significant difference between domestic and imported stents in terms of therapeutic effect. 1.3 Dual interventional therapy Dual interventional therapy is mainly applied simultaneously or alternately with superselective esophageal artery perfusion and internal stenting. Song Jinlong et al concluded that stenting combined with arterial perfusion chemotherapy for advanced esophageal cancer could significantly improve patients’ quality of life and prolong survival time. Wang Zeminet al used arterial infusion chemotherapy and endoesophageal stenting to treat malignant esophageal stenosis. He concluded that endoesophageal stenting for malignant esophageal stenosis is safe and reliable with good efficacy and few complications, and must be combined with arterial infusion chemotherapy, otherwise tumor restenosis is likely to occur. Cui Jinguo et al. studied 59 cases of malignant esophageal stenosis with endoprosthesis, of which 37 cases were treated with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy before and after stenting, and concluded that endoprosthesis is an effective palliative treatment for mid- to late-stage esophageal cancer to relieve dysphagia, and that the application of stenting with membrane and concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy can prevent restenosis due to tumor growth and prolong patients’ lives. 2. Gastric and duodenal cancer 2.1 Vascular interventions The main vascular interventions are super-selective arterial infusion chemotherapy (TAI) or chemoembolization (TAE). Li Maoquan et al treated inoperable or recurrent gastric cancer with TAI and TAE for 1 a survival rate of 25% in the TAI group and 60.7% in the TAI+TAE group, and concluded that TAI+TAE is a new and effective treatment method for advanced gastric cancer. Lu Wusheng et al performed selective TAI on gastric cancer patients before surgery and found that patients with selective TAI had mild side effects and short duration of clinical symptoms; the postoperative pathology showed that the efficiency was 92% and the effect of killing cancer cells in the primary cancer site and surrounding metastatic lymph nodes was significantly higher than that of systemic chemotherapy. Su Xiuqin et al observed that MMC-MS embolization of the left gastric artery with mitomycin gelatin microspheres (MMC-MS) mainly caused edema and focal cell exfoliation in the submucosal vessels of the mucosa, and the local damage returned to normal with the degradation of MMC-MS at 4 wk. The tissue damage caused by MMC-MS embolization of the left gastric artery is repairable and clinically feasible. Li Maoquan et al performed chemoembolization of metastases in the gastric artery in patients with gastric cancer without surgical indication (including postoperative recurrence) and combined metastases, and concluded that the evaluation of the efficacy of gastric cancer interventions should include the primary metastases and lymph node changes to reflect the efficacy of changes in the internal structure of the tumor rather than the size of the tumor. Liu Fukun et al observed the vascular morphology and histopathological changes of cancer tissues after preoperative chemoembolization via the celiac artery or left gastric artery in 40 gastric cancer patients, and concluded that interventional therapy could achieve certain therapeutic effects by narrowing the lumen or forming thrombus to affect the tumor blood supply and produce pathological necrosis through small vessel and interstitial inflammation caused by high concentration of chemotherapeutic drugs. 2.2 Non-vascular interventions Non-vascular interventions include X-ray guided endoprosthesis. Mao Aiwuet al Transoral placement of metal stents for malignant stenosis of gastroduodenum and jejunum in 67 cases concluded that transoral placement of metal stents can effectively relieve gastroduodenal and jejunal obstruction and provide a palliative treatment method to improve the quality of life and prolong the survival time of patients with advanced tumors. 2.3 Dual interventional therapy Dual interventional therapy is mainly applied simultaneously or alternately with superselective arterial perfusion and endoprosthesis. Mao Aiwu et al treated 14 cases of duodenal malignant obstruction with endoprosthesis combined with intra-arterial chemotherapy, and the survival of all cases was significantly prolonged. 3. Colorectal cancer 3.1 Vascular interventions The main vascular interventions are super-selective arterial perfusion chemotherapy. Wang Dajianet al Trans-selective sub mesenteric artery infusion chemotherapy for rectal cancer can kill tumor cells and cause endothelial degeneration and necrosis of small vessels to occlude the vessels by local administration. It can also stimulate the peritumoral tissue to cause a large number of inflammatory cells infiltration and fibrous tissue proliferation to enhance the inhibition of tumor cells to prevent the spread and metastasis of cancer cells, thus prolonging the postoperative survival. Liu Brave et al performed local perfusion chemotherapy via the left (right) internal iliac artery and the intrinsic hepatic artery in 56 cases of rectal cancer after radical surgery and concluded that interventional catheter chemotherapy could improve the 5 a survival rate of rectal cancer after radical surgery and significantly reduce the recurrence and metastasis rates of tumors with fewer side effects. Liu Fukunet al concluded that interventional chemotherapy for rectal cancer can temporarily improve local symptoms, probably by inducing apoptosis, and that this induction is a continuous process that continues 7-10 days after chemotherapy, by observing the effects of preoperative interventional chemotherapy on apoptosis and proliferation of rectal cancer cells. Hu Ting-Yang et al observed the histological efficacy of surgical resection of 51 cases of preoperative pathologically confirmed colorectal cancer after selective infusion of anticancer drugs through the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries, and concluded that the histological efficacy of preoperative arterial infusion of anticancer drugs in the treatment of colorectal cancer was significant and reduced the rate of lymph node metastasis. Song Zhongjin et al performed super-selective intubation chemotherapy and gelatin sponge embolization in 20 patients with colorectal cancer, and concluded that super-selective intubation chemotherapy and embolization of colorectal cancer could improve clinical symptoms and increase the rate of surgical resection, which is one of the effective methods for treating colorectal cancer. 3.2 Non-vascular interventions Non-vascular interventions include X-ray guided endoprosthesis. Mao Aiwuet al Transanal placement of self-expanding metal stent for 4 cases of transverse colon malignant obstruction resulted in immediate relief of obstruction and improved quality of life, which is an effective palliative treatment method. 3.3 Dual interventional treatment Dual interventional treatment mainly consists of superselective arterial perfusion and endoprosthesis applied simultaneously or alternately. In 10 cases of advanced rectal cancer, Song Zhongjinet al performed superselective arterial perfusion and internal stenting to achieve significant efficacy. 4. Gastrointestinal cancer 4.1 Vascular interventions The main vascular interventions are super-selective arterial perfusion chemotherapy. Su J. reviewed the domestic and foreign literature that postoperative arterial perfusion chemotherapy intraperitoneal chemotherapy and intraoperative intraperitoneal warm perfusion chemotherapy are of great value for progressive gastrointestinal cancers. 4.2 Non-vascular interventions The main non-vascular interventions are X-ray guided endoprosthesis. Cheng Yingsheng et al performed interventional treatment on 120 patients with benign and malignant stenosis or obstruction of the upper gastrointestinal tract and concluded that metal stent with membrane or partial membrane is the preferred method for interventional treatment of malignant stenosis or obstruction of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Mao Aiwu et al performed metal endoprosthesis in 198 cases of GI tract cancer and concluded that metal endoprosthesis is an effective method for resolving GI tract obstruction, which is of great significance for improving patients’ quality of life. 4.3 Dual interventional therapy Dual interventional therapy is mainly applied simultaneously or alternately with superselective arterial perfusion and endoprosthesis. In a study of 215 and 281 patients with gastrointestinal obstruction due to malignant tumor infiltration and compression who underwent intra-arterial instillation of chemotherapeutic drugs and internal stent placement, Mao Aiwu et al. concluded that the obstruction symptoms were relieved or alleviated in all cases after stent placement, and the survival time of those who received dual interventions was significantly longer than those who received stent treatment alone. Intervention is an effective palliative treatment for malignant obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract that treats both the symptoms and the root cause.