Absolute contraindications: 1, no appropriate treatment team or inability to perform conventional cardiac surgery; 2, life expectancy <1 year; 3, successful TAVI surgery does not improve the patient's quality of life because of severe coexisting disease; 4, other cardiac diseases that require conventional surgery for treatment; 5, unsuitable aortic annulus (<18 mm, >29 mm); 6, left ventricular thrombosis; 7, active infectious endocarditis 8. High risk factors for coronary opening stenosis (asymmetric valve calcification, short distance between the annulus and the coronary opening, small aortic sinus); 9. Active plaque in the ascending aorta or aortic arch; 10. Unsuitable vascular approach (small lumen, calcification, or distortion) for the transfemoral or subclavian artery approach. Relative contraindications: 1, bivalved malformation or noncalcified valve disease; 2, patients with coronary artery disease requiring bypass surgery; 3, circulatory instability; 4, LVEF <20%; 5, for the transapical approach, the patient has severe combined pulmonary disease or the apex cannot be visualized.