1, sleep disorders: common sleep disorders in childhood, such as night terrors, nightmares and sleepwalking. Night terrors are common in children aged 4 to 7 years old and belong to the NREM stage sleep disorder. In deep sleep, the child suddenly sits up and cries with a frightened expression, accompanied by dilated pupils, sweating, shortness of breath and other sympathetic excitement, which is not easy to wake up. After a few minutes, the child falls back to sleep quietly. There is no memory of the seizure the next day. Based on the self-limiting nature of its seizures and normal EEG, it can be distinguished from epilepsy. Nightmares are predominant in children of preschool or school age. They often occur in the second half of the night and during eye-movement (REM) sleep, where the child has panic-like seizures caused by nightmares. Unlike night terrors, children with nightmares are easily awakened and can clearly recall the dream after waking up, and are therefore too frightened to go back to sleep immediately. Based on the normal EEG and clear recall of the dream during the seizure, it can be differentiated from epilepsy. 2. Breath-holding seizures: Most often occur in infants aged 6 to 18 months. The typical presentation is immediate whistling arrest, cyanosis and generalized hypotonia when any unpleasantness causes crying. There may be a brief impairment of consciousness, usually less than 1 minute. Normalcy returns immediately after the resumption of voluntary inspiration. The difference with epilepsy is that the disease is clearly triggered by crying, loss of consciousness is preceded by a pause in inspiration and cyanosis, EEG is not different, the seizures gradually decrease with age, no more seizures after the age of 5 years. 3, infant leg rubbing syndrome attack when the infant legs with strength inward, or rubbing each other, concentration, eyes do not turn, sometimes both upper limbs at the same time, accompanied by sweating. However, the infant’s mind is always clear during the seizure, the face is red without pale bruises, and can be interrupted artificially at any time. 4. Migraine is the main cause of recurrent headache attacks in pediatrics. Typical migraine mainly manifests as visual aura, hemiplegic headache, vomiting, abdominal pain and drowsiness. In children, the common type of migraine is more common, with no aura and variable headache location. Children often have a family history of migraine and are prone to gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. In fact, there are very few cases of simple headache or abdominal pain epilepsy, and migraine is never combined with convulsive seizures or automatism, and there are no focal epileptic waves in the EEG. 5. Tic disorders need to be differentiated from epileptic myoclonic seizures. Tic disorder is often unilateral muscle group twitching, the action amplitude is small, and may be accompanied by vocal twitching. Patients can consciously control their seizures temporarily, disappear during sleep, and emotional stress leads to aggravation of seizures again. At the same time, the EEG will not have epileptiform discharges, nor will it show total slow wave background abnormalities. 6. Syncope is a transient disorder of consciousness caused by temporary cerebral blood perfusion deficit. It is common in older children, especially in adolescence. It often occurs when the child is standing for a long time, or suddenly rises from a squatting position, as well as in cases of severe pain, exertion, paroxysmal arrhythmia, and familial prolongation of the QT interval. The arrival of syncope is often preceded by blackness, dizziness, pallor, sweating, and weakness, followed by a brief loss of consciousness, occasional tonicity or jerking of the limbs, inability to recall the disturbance of consciousness, and fatigue upon awakening. Unlike epilepsy, loss of consciousness and collapse occur gradually in patients with syncope, with few somatic injuries during seizures, normal EEG, and a positive response to the head vertical a horizontal tilt test. 7, common non-epileptic tonic-like seizures in infancy: occurring in infancy, all seizures occur during wakefulness, briefly, with various forms of expression, such as staring, staring, gnashing of teeth, grinning, neck extension or contraction, head shaking from side to side, both arms flexing, fist clenching, and force. The seizures can be interrupted by external stimuli and return to the original state immediately after the seizure. The seizures gradually disappear with age and stop occurring around one year of age. No treatment is needed. The EEG is normal during the interictal and seizure periods.