Simple renal cysts are the most common cystic disease of the kidney. It increases with age, up to more than 25% of people over 50 years old. Patients sometimes experience symptoms (e.g., low back pain, swelling) as the cysts increase in size, but most patients may be asymptomatic. It is currently believed that the cause is a dilated segment of the renal tubule. Since larger cysts can compress the renal parenchyma, and some parapelvic cysts can cause hydronephrosis and damage renal function, it is important to detect them with early examination, regular follow-up, and timely treatment if necessary. Ultrasound is the first choice of examination, which is convenient and economical, and can find out the size and location of the cyst, whether it has caused hydronephrosis or not, and basically determine the nature of the cyst and decide the follow-up program as well as the preliminary decision of whether surgical intervention is needed. If the nature of the cyst cannot be determined by ultrasound, further CT examination is needed, and CT enhancement can identify cystic renal carcinoma and calyceal diverticulum. Indications for surgical management are: (1) pain symptoms or psychological pressure; (2) larger than 4cm or with compression and obstruction imaging; (3) secondary bleeding or suspected cancer. Treatment methods include: puncture and drainage of the cyst and sclerotherapy; laparoscopic cyst decapitation and decompression; and open cyst decapitation and decompression. Laparoscopic cyst decapitation and decompression surgery is preferred, which is less invasive, with faster postoperative recovery, accurate decapitation of the cyst, intraoperative tincture of iodine or anhydrous alcohol can be used to cauterize the inner wall of the base of the cyst, and the postoperative recurrence rate is minimized.