A herniated disc is a name that people often hear, but how much do you know about herniated discs? The human spine is made up of many vertebrae and their intervertebral discs connected by various ligaments and joints, and the intervertebral discs are like rubber cushions that cushion the pressure between the vertebrae during activity, while the cervical and lumbar vertebrae are more active and frequent, so there is a greater chance of injury, which makes it easier for the discs to become diseased. The intervertebral disc is the largest area of the body without blood supply, not recognized by the body’s immune cells, when the intervertebral disc damage degeneration, the body to repair, capillaries along the fissure of the injury into the intervertebral disc, because the immune system in the developmental stage does not recognize the intervertebral disc tissue, so when the blood into the intervertebral disc will attack the disc tissue, inflammatory immune response, the release of a large number of inflammatory substances, stimulating nerves producing pain. A simple herniated disc that stimulates and compresses a normal nerve does not cause pain, but mainly numbness. However, when there is an inflammatory response in the nerve tissue, a slight stimulation can cause significant pain. The disc is protected by ligaments and the herniation is mostly from the weaker posterior lateral side, which often stimulates the nerve roots that are downstream or penetrating. Therefore, if it is a typical disc herniation, there will be obvious pain and numbness in a certain innervated area and other abnormal sensation and muscle strength changes, which is also an important basis for the doctor to determine which disc is herniated. Sometimes a herniation is found on imaging, but the patient does not necessarily have symptoms or it does not correspond to the site of the herniation, which does not diagnose the disease of disc herniation, but only the presence of a herniated disc. There are many treatments for herniated discs, broadly divided into conservative treatment, minimally invasive interventional treatment, and traditional surgery. As mentioned above, simple herniated disc compression does not generally cause pain, so many conservative treatments cannot remove the compression but can resolve the patient’s pain. Inflammatory reaction and mechanical compression are the two main causes of disc herniation, with the former being more important and the latter aggravating the former, affecting each other, so the treatment of disc herniation needs to be analyzed according to the specific condition and the most appropriate treatment.