A paternity test can be performed as early as between 8 and 11 weeks of pregnancy to line up the father of the fetus. Paternity testing is generally performed by collecting fetal chorionic villi, amniotic fluid, and umbilical cord blood as test samples, and performing a chromosome match between the fetus and the father to determine parentage. Paternity testing can be carried out as early as after 8 weeks of pregnancy. A fetal chorionic villus biopsy can often be taken early in pregnancy to determine the DNA of the fetus. however, paternity testing in early pregnancy tends to increase the risk of miscarriage. Fetal karyotyping is usually done after 16 weeks of pregnancy by amniocentesis to determine whether the fetal DNA is genetically identical to the father’s, and can also be performed by umbilical cord blood puncture.