The purpose of lung transplantation is to prolong the life of the patient and improve the quality of life. Therefore, lung transplantation is primarily indicated for the treatment of end-stage chronic lung disease. Theoretically, lung transplantation should be considered in patients with chronic lung disease of any kind, with progressive reduction in lung function despite best efforts and reasonable conservative treatment, without the possibility of further medical or surgical treatment, and with a short expected survival time (less than 2 years). The main indications for lung transplantation include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or a1-antitrypsin deficiency/emphysema, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, and idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. Looking at the annual changes in the spectrum of lung transplantation disease, the proportion of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has tended to increase since 1995, while the proportion of cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary hypertension, and a1-antitrypsin deficiency has tended to decrease mildly. The number of single-lung transplants was essentially the same as double-lung transplants in lung transplantation activity. For chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, single-lung transplantation was more than twice as common as double-lung transplantation; for a1-antitrypsin-deficient emphysema, single-lung transplantation was used with similar frequency as double-lung transplantation; pulmonary vascular diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary hypertension and congenital heart disease syndrome were predominantly double-lung transplantation, and cystic pulmonary fibrosis and its associated bronchiectasis were almost always double-lung transplantation.