Lung transplantation is a palliative care method where the purpose of transplantation is to prolong the life of the patient and improve the quality of life. Therefore, lung transplantation is mainly indicated for the treatment of end-stage chronic lung disease. Lung transplantation should be considered in patients with chronic lung disease who have progressively reduced lung function despite best efforts and reasonable treatment, with no possibility of further medical or surgical treatment and a short expected survival time (shorter than 2 years). The main indications for lung transplantation include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or a1 antitrypsin deficiency, emphysema, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), cystic fibrosis (CF), and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). A look at the annual changes in the spectrum of lung transplant disease reveals an increasing trend in the proportion of IPF and a mild decreasing trend in the proportion of CF, IPAH, and a1 antitrypsin deficiency since 1995. The number of single-lung transplants was essentially the same as double-lung transplants in lung transplantation activity. For COPD and IPF, single-lung transplantation was more than twice as common as double-lung transplantation; for a1-antitrypsin-deficient emphysema, single-lung transplantation was used with similar frequency as double-lung transplantation; pulmonary vascular diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary hypertension, congenital heart disease, and Eisenmenger syndrome were predominantly double-lung transplants, and cystic pulmonary fibrosis and its associated bronchiectasis were almost always double-lung transplants.