Indications for lung transplantation: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cystic pulmonary fibrosis, primary pulmonary hypertension, emphysema, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency emphysema, end-stage lung disease, no coronary artery disease, normal liver and kidney function, normal left heart function, fair right heart function, ejection fraction >25%, no contraindications to immunosuppression, psychologically stable, no history of smoking or alcohol, no history of drug abuse, no history of psychiatric disorders, no excessive obesity, hormone (prednisone) <20 mg daily, single lung transplant recipients <60 years of age, double lung transplant recipients <50 years of age. Absolute contraindications for lung transplant recipients are: single-lung transplant recipients >65 years of age, double-lung transplant recipients >60 years of age, active systemic infection, significant extrapulmonary systemic disease with limited survival, left heart ejection fraction <35%, irreversible hepatic or renal hypoperfusion, progressive malignancy, cerebrovascular disease, venous thrombosis, uncontrollable hypertension, active peptic ulcer, AIDS, irreversible coagulopathy, neuromusculoskeletal disorders that limit bed release, and uncooperative patients and family members. Relative contraindications include: mental illness, pulmonary infection, patient on a ventilator, cachexia, weight above the expected ±10%, poor recovery, smokers, hormone users, previous chest or abdominal surgery. Contraindications for lung transplantation donor: age >50 years, previous history of primary lung disease and chest surgery, positive hepatitis B surface antigen, positive HIV, syphilis and toxoplasma infection.