1. tubal ligation 2. pelvic adhesion release and cystostomy in infertility patients 3. pelvic inflammatory diseases, such as adnexal resection for ovarian and fallopian tube abscess 4. endometriosis patients 5. surgery for benign ovarian tumors, such as simple cysts, chocolate cysts and ovarian teratomas 6. ectopic pregnancy patients 7. uterine fibroid patients 8. early uterine malignant tumors, such as early cervical cancer and endometrial cancer