I. Observation of vital signs After surgery, pay attention to the changes of blood pressure and heart rate. When there is chest tightness and dyspnea, chest examination and X-ray should be performed to determine whether there is pneumothorax caused by intraoperative injury to the pleura. Second, wound care Breast patients need to be bandaged with a chest strap with pressure after surgery. If the compression is too tight, it may cause blood flow obstruction of the flap and the upper limb on the operation side; if the bandage is loose, it is easy to accumulate fluid under the flap, which is not conducive to the healing of the incision. If radical breast cancer surgery is performed, drainage tubes are usually placed under the flap because of the large area of injury and the accumulation of blood and fluid after surgery. What should we pay attention to when applying the drainage tube after surgery? (1) Keep the drainage tube pipe open, maintain the negative pressure state of the drainage device, pay attention to observation at all times, do not be pressed and twisted, folded into an angle, so as not to affect the drainage. (2) Pay attention to the fixation of the drainage tube. Turn over, get out of bed, prevent the drainage tube from dislodging when defecating, the position of the drainage bottle should not be higher than the plane of the intubation port, in order to prevent the contamination of reflux due to high liquid level. (3) Keep all kinds of drainage tubes and wound or mucous membrane contact parts clean, avoid moisture, pollution, causing infection. (4) Make records of the color, nature and amount of drainage, and promptly report to medical personnel when a large amount of drainage fluid flows out within a short period of time. In addition to the surgical factors, special attention should be paid to keep the drainage unobstructed and the tightness of the bandage appropriate, and avoid premature abduction of the upper limb on the operation side. (2) Necrosis of flap: high tension of flap suture after mastectomy is the main cause of necrosis. At the early stage of necrosis, subepidermal fluid appears at the edge of the flap, followed by blackening and hardening of the whole skin. The main measure to prevent flap necrosis after surgery is to observe the wound surface and deal with any abnormality in time. Necrotic flaps often require skin grafting treatment. (C) upper limb edema: the main reasons are poor lymphatic flow in the upper arm, infection after flap necrosis, and dead space accumulation in the axilla. Postoperatively, venipuncture in the upper limb of the operated side should be avoided and blood pressure should be measured. Usually, the patient will have mild edema in the arm after surgery, and the affected arm can be elevated while lying in bed, which can prevent or reduce the swelling. In case of significant edema, in addition to continuing to elevate the affected arm, massage of the affected upper limb, appropriate arm exercises, and hot compresses on the axillary area and upper limb can be used. V. Postoperative breast appearance correction and care Changes in local appearance after mastectomy can be corrected through the use of prosthesis and breast reconstruction. The breast prosthesis should be similar in size to the healthy breast and should be cleaned daily and stored without pressure or deformation. The reconstruction methods include saline and silicone breast implantation, dorsal muscle flap transposition, transverse rectus abdominis flap transposition, etc. After mastectomy, scaling, peeling, dry cracking and erythema may occur on the skin when radiation therapy is performed. Avoid local cold and hot stimulation.