Hepatitis B is a blood-borne disease. Irregular blood transfusions, infusions, needle sticks, injections, and direct or indirect contact with broken skin and mucous membranes can all cause transmission of the hepatitis B virus. Many hepatitis B patients or infected persons have obvious family aggregation characteristics, not only brothers and sisters in their families are infected with hepatitis B virus, but also their mothers are often hepatitis B patients or infected persons, the medical phenomenon of mothers infected with hepatitis B virus, the transmission to the next generation, known as “mother-to-child transmission”, the so-called “Mother-to-child transmission” refers to the transmission of hepatitis B virus from a pregnant woman with hepatitis B or carrying the virus in her body to her fetus or newborn during pregnancy or close contact during or after delivery (breastfeeding, etc.), also known as “vertical transmission”. “Mother-to-child transmission is the most important and threatening form of hepatitis B transmission. If a pregnant woman carries the hepatitis B virus, she will not transmit it to the next generation 100% of the time, but the transmission depends on the number of hepatitis B viruses she carries and the genetic defects of the mother. The probability of a newborn being infected with the hepatitis B virus is as high as about 90%; however, if the pregnant woman is negative for the hepatitis B virus e antigen (small triple positive or small two positive) and negative for the hepatitis B virus DNA, the infection rate is only about 30%. This is the reason why some families with a tendency for hepatitis B family aggregation are infected and some are not. Specifically, there are three main ways of “mother-to-child transmission”: first, during delivery, the baby passes through the birth canal, and the virus in the mother’s body can take advantage of the opportunity to invade from the baby’s oral mucosa and minor skin abrasions, which is the most common case. Secondly, before delivery, the hepatitis B virus in the mother’s body invades the fetus directly from the placenta of the uterus, which is called “intrauterine transmission”. Third, after delivery, the mother comes into close contact with her baby through breastfeeding (milk and saliva also contain hepatitis B virus), which can be transmitted to the next generation through the baby’s broken skin and mucous membranes. Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B is very common in China and is the main mode of transmission of hepatitis B. According to incomplete statistics, more than 70% of the existing hepatitis B patients or virus-infected patients in China are caused by mother-to-child transmission; therefore, blocking mother-to-child transmission is the key to preventing and treating hepatitis B. The most effective way to interrupt mother-to-child transmission is to give newborns the hepatitis B vaccine, along with hepatitis B immunoglobulin, for better protection. Every pregnant woman should go to the hospital before delivery for a serum marker test for hepatitis B virus (hepatitis B five, etc.). If the hepatitis B virus marker is positive, especially for HBV-DNA, the baby should be vaccinated against hepatitis B early after birth. In addition to vaccination, it is best for hepatitis B surface antigen-positive mothers to deliver in a hospital delivery room to prevent placental trauma during delivery and contamination of the baby’s broken skin and mucous membranes by maternal blood as much as possible. In 1992, the Ministry of Health of China included hepatitis B vaccine in the management of planned immunization, requiring all newborns to be vaccinated against hepatitis B, but the vaccine and its inoculation costs had to be paid by parents; since 2002, it has been officially included in planned immunization, and all newborns are vaccinated against hepatitis B free of charge, but they have to pay the inoculation fees; since June 1, 2005, it has been changed to all free of charge, and is listed as a mandatory planned immunization program The hepatitis B vaccination is required regardless of where the baby is born. If for any reason an infant fails to receive the vaccine, he or she should contact the hospital as soon as possible for a catch-up vaccination. With the support of governments at all levels and the assistance of international organizations, China has made significant progress in including hepatitis B vaccination in the immunization program for newborns. A total of 11 million children in the GAVI project area have received hepatitis B vaccination. Among them, in western provinces and poor areas, the full vaccination rate of hepatitis B vaccine increased from 64% to 90% in 2005, and the timely rate of the first vaccination also increased from 47% to 67%. As one of the key infectious diseases in China, the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B has been included in the National 11th Five-Year Plan. The Ministry of Health has also formulated the National Plan for Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis B from 2006 to 2010, which aims to effectively curb the high prevalence of hepatitis B by adopting comprehensive measures that focus on immunoprophylaxis and balance prevention and treatment, giving priority to the protection of newborns and key populations, so as to significantly reduce the incidence of hepatitis B and the rate of hepatitis B surface antigen carriage in China by 2010, and to reduce the mortality rate of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer caused by hepatitis B. mortality rate. The specific goal is to reduce the hepatitis B surface antigen carriage rate to less than 1% for children under 5 years old; and to reduce the hepatitis B surface antigen carriage rate to less than 7% for the whole population. China’s hepatitis B vaccine for children has made significant progress in the national immunization program and has been well received by relevant international organizations. The specific method of hepatitis B vaccination for newborns: For newborns of HBsAg-positive mothers, hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) should be injected as early as possible within 24h after birth, preferably within 12 hours after birth, and the dose should be greater than or equal to 100 IU, while 10ug of recombinant yeast or 20ug of Chinese hamster oocyte (CHO) hepatitis B vaccine should be administered at different sites, which can significantly improve the effect of blocking The effect of mother-to-child transmission can be significantly improved. Alternatively, one dose of HBIG can be given within 12 hours of birth, followed by a second dose of HBIC 1 month later, and a concurrent 10 ug recombinant yeast or 20 ug CHO hepatitis B vaccine at different sites, with a second and third dose of hepatitis B vaccine (10 ug recombinant yeast or 20 ug CHO hepatitis B vaccine each) given 1 and 6 months apart, respectively. The latter is less convenient than the former, but its protection rate is higher than that of the former. Newborns of H BsAg-negative mothers can be immunized with 5 ug of recombinant yeast or 10 ug of CHO hepatitis B vaccine; children who were not immunized with hepatitis B vaccine during the neonatal period should be immunized with a catch-up dose of 5 ug of recombinant yeast or 10 ug of CHO hepatitis B vaccine; for adults, 20 ug of recombinant yeast or 20 ug of CHO hepatitis B vaccine is recommended. Those who do not respond to the immunization program (those who do not produce protective antibodies) can receive three more doses and have their serum tested for anti-HBs one to two months after the second three doses of hepatitis B vaccine. In the past, it was not recommended that mothers with hepatitis B “major triple positive” breastfeed their children to prevent mother-to-child transmission. Newborns with persistent positive serum anti-HBs after primary and passive immunization can be breastfed. Newborns can receive breastfeeding from HBsAg-positive mothers after HBIG and hepatitis B vaccine injections within 12 hours of birth. The protective antibodies produced after 1 HBIG injection are only valid for about 1 month, while the protective antibodies (anti-HBs) produced after a full course of hepatitis B vaccination can last for 5 to 8 years. In addition, about 10% of the normal population does not produce protective antibodies (anti-HBs) after hepatitis B vaccination. The specific situation can be analyzed and, if necessary, combined with thymidine injections to promote the production of anti-HBs. In order to prevent intrauterine transmission in pregnant women with major triplets, the immunization method of giving pregnant women one injection of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (200 IU) per month from the seventh month of pregnancy (i.e., the 28th week of pregnancy) until the birth of the infant, and one injection of hepatitis B immunoglobulin after the birth of the infant, followed by the required injection of hepatitis B vaccine, has been popular in the past. This method is now eliminated from use because of the uncertainty of safety and efficacy. The combined immunization of newborns with hepatitis B vaccine and immunoglobulin (i.e., a combination of active and passive immunization) is effective in interrupting mother-to-child transmission by up to 95%-97%.