1, the causes of urinary tract infections: (1) the incidence of the disease is extremely high in women, women’s urethra is shorter and more relaxed than men, bacteria are easy to enter. Women’s urethra and the vagina and anus adjacent to the urethra, both vaginal or anal area, there are a large number of bacteria, so susceptible to urinary tract infections; secondly, the physiological cycle is easy to urinary tract infections, sexual life is easy to push the bacteria of the urethra into the bladder and the onset. (2) Drinking less water, working hard, holding urine, poor health often cold, etc. easily induced urinary tract infections. (3) Urinary tract stones, tumors, narrowing of the urinary tract and other reasons, easy to have poor urinary flow, bacteria are not easily discharged from the bladder and multiply, or the use of urinary tract equipment will not only bring bacteria into the urinary tract, but also easy to damage the mucosa of the urinary tract and infection occurs. (4) Patients with diabetes, indwelling urinary catheters, and urinary tract deformities are prone to infection. If a woman has repeated urinary tract infections, her partner should be checked for prostatitis, urinary tract infections and other diseases, and the couple should be treated together. 2, why are women more likely to get urinary tract infections? (1) Women’s urethra is shorter and wider than men’s, so bacteria can easily enter. (2) The urethra is too close to the vaginal opening, and when there is a lot of vaginal discharge, bacteria can easily infect the urethra, especially in women after childbirth, because the pelvic muscles are relaxed and the urethra is wider, it is easier to get a urinary tract infection. (3) The menstrual period is the peak period for this disease, because there are many bacteria and microorganisms mixed in the menstrual blood, so it is important to keep the vulva clean during the period. (4) Sexual intercourse and other factors can easily make the bacteria around the urethra squeeze into the bladder and infection occurs. 3, urinary tract infection symptoms and signs: urinary frequency, urinary urgency, painful urination, burning sensation of urination accompanied by visual or microscopic hematuria, lumbago, abdominal pain, pain in the bladder area, urethral discharge, and even fever, chills, chills, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting and other symptoms of general discomfort. On examination, percussion pain in the lumbar region and percussion pain in the cribriform angle, but many clinical manifestations of pyelonephritis are the same as those of cystitis, and it is difficult to differentiate them based on clinical manifestations alone. There are also some patients with bacteriuria without any symptoms, an insidious urinary sensation, often found during physical examination. 4, the diagnosis of urinary tract infection: mainly rely on laboratory tests, especially bacteriological tests, combined with clinical symptoms and signs. The diagnosis of urinary tract infection should be based on true bacteriuria, and anyone with true bacteriuria can be diagnosed with urinary tract infection. In terms of urine specimen collection, clean mid-section urine should be taken for culture, and bladder puncture urine for qualitative bacterial culture is the gold standard for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection. Most patients only have urinary frequency, urinary urgency, urinary pain and other lower urinary tract irritation, when they can be treated without bacterial culture based on urinary routine first. 5.How to prevent urinary tract infection? To prevent urinary tract infections, we should use the body’s defense mechanism and avoid susceptible factors. (1) dietary habits: usually should be light food, daily water intake should be greater than 2000ml, adhere to every 2 to 3 hours to urinate once to ensure adequate urine volume, urine volume can play a role in flushing the urethra, promote the discharge of bacteria and toxins, reduce the incidence of urinary tract infections. (2) Hygiene habits: the large number of bacteria residing in the perineum and urethra of women is a prerequisite for the occurrence of urinary tract infections. Therefore, women should pay attention to keep their vulva clean, especially during menstruation, pregnancy, and puerperium, where hygiene is more important. Take a shower as much as possible, avoid taking a tub bath, change your underwear and take a bath regularly. (3) Living habits: live a regular life, exercise actively, enhance physical fitness, prevent colds, avoid staying up late, avoid overworking, and keep a comfortable mood. (4) Remove susceptibility factors: actively treat chronic gynecological disorders, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, hypertension and other diseases prone to urinary tract infection, and try to avoid the use of immunosuppressants, which is an important measure to prevent recurrence. (5) Avoid the use of urinary tract instruments and intubation as much as possible, and if they must be used they need to be removed in a timely manner in strict accordance with the relevant norms. (6) Both partners should wash the vulva before the couple’s life, and develop the habit of urination afterwards. (7) Avoid holding urine and keep the bowels open. (8) Avoid sexual intercourse during the period of urinary tract infection and within one week after cure. (9) Adherence to treatment: Patients with chronic urinary tract infections should be patient and adhere to treatment as prescribed by the doctor, do not stop medication at will, even after the disappearance of symptoms should be regularly reviewed at the hospital until the urine bacterial culture is normal several times, or the planned treatment course is completed without recurrence before the drug can be discontinued. 6, urinary tract infections during menopause: urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women are due to a decrease in estrogen levels. Estrogen has the ability to maintain proper glycosuria stores in the vaginal epithelium and supply the growth of lactobacilli, which can maintain normal vaginal pH at 4.5 or lower, thereby reducing or inhibiting pathogenic bacteria around the urethra and thus reducing the incidence of urinary tract infections in women. Declining estrogen levels make these protective effects less likely. Menopausal women with recurrent urinary tract infections should first consult a gynecologist and, if there are no contraindications, local or systemic estrogen supplementation, in addition to antibiotics, can be more effective, especially in reducing the recurrence rate.