In recent years, with the development of new disciplines such as cellular, biology, molecular biology, and modern immunology, pathology has advanced to the molecular and genetic levels to understand diseases, and to provide useful information for clinical practitioners to individualize patient medication/predict biomarkers and assess disease progression with the help of molecular pathology. The detection of gene expression levels (protein, mRNA), gene mutations, gene copy number and amplification, and methylation can guide precise individualized treatment and be used to determine patient prognosis. The efficacy of chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has long been largely unaffected by histologic type. the ECOG 1594 study showed that a two-drug regimen of third-generation chemotherapeutic agents such as paclitaxel, gemcitabine, and docetaxel in combination with platinum had similar efficacy in NSCLC of different histologic types, with a time to disease progression of about 4 months and an overall survival ( OS) of about 8 months. Therefore, the initial pathomorphological classifier needed to classify lung cancer into two categories, SCLC and NSCLC, but with the development of new drugs, studies have shown that specific pathological types are important for the development of treatment regimens. The results of the JMDB clinical study revealed for the first time the need to classify NSCLC into squamous and non-squamous cancers, a small step toward individualized treatment. Although the overall efficacy of pemetrexed combined with cisplatin and gemcitabine combined with cisplatin was similar in the intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis population, the efficacy and safety of the pemetrexed group was significantly better than the gemcitabine group in patients with non-squamous NSCLC, with OS of 12.6 and 10.9 months, respectively (HR; 0.84, 95% CI 0.71 -0.99, p=0.03). Similar results were observed in other studies with poor efficacy of pemetrexed in squamous carcinoma, such as the second-line JMEI study (overall survival of 6.2 and 7.4 months for pemetrexed and docetaxel, respectively, HR=1.563 .95% CI 1.079 -2.264) and JMEN maintenance therapy (pemetrexed + best supportive care and placebo prick + best supportive care) with OS 9.9 and 10.8 months (HR=1.07 .95% CI 0.77-1.50, p=0.678), respectively, and found that pemetrexed was more effective than conventional third-generation chemotherapy agents for adenocarcinoma. Together, the three studies demonstrate that pemetrexed is the best choice for patients with advanced NSCLC non-squamous cancer. The clinical use of anti-angiogenic drugs should also accurately differentiate between patients with squamous and non-squamous cancers. The current National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines recommend bevacizumab for patients with non-squamous cancer. Targeted therapy for lung cancer driver genes has achieved remarkable success in advanced NSCLC, and there is a clinical need to screen the effective population for targeted therapy to improve the effectiveness of treatment. Similarly, targeted drug resistance also involves the alteration of molecular targets, so the detection of driver genes has become an important part of lung cancer treatment and should be a routine part of clinical diagnosis. About 60% of lung adenocarcinoma patients have mutations in driver genes, including KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, PIK3CA, HER2, MEK1 and N-ras mutations, ALK rearrangement, MET amplification, 54% of tumor samples have only one driver gene mutation, and 95% of molecular mutations are mutually exclusive. At the 2011 World Conference on Lung Cancer, driver gene alterations were reported in 63% of lung squamous carcinomas, including fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), CCND1, EGFR with MCL1 gene amplification, and FGFR2, PIK3CA, BRAF, DDR2, PTEN, CDKN2A mutations and/or deletions, but this target has yet to be confirmed by preclinical study models.