Stroke is a sudden onset of cerebral blood circulation disorder. It is characterized by sudden fainting, unconsciousness, or sudden onset of obliquity, hemiplegia, speech impairment, and mental retardation. Stroke poses a great threat to human health and life, causing great suffering and heavy burden to patients, families and society. It is an urgent task for the whole society, including doctors, patients and families, to fully understand the seriousness of stroke, to improve stroke treatment and prevention, and to reduce the incidence, disability and mortality of stroke. Stroke includes ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke (cerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage). Ischemic strokes account for 70-90% of strokes. The causes of ischemic stroke include, dislodgement of cardiac emboli, dislodgement of atherosclerotic plaque or secondary thrombus in the carotid arteries, and stenosis or even occlusion of the carotid arteries. Of these, carotid system disease accounts for more than 40% of the causes of ischemic stroke. Therefore, we must pay attention to carotid system diseases – carotid stenosis, occlusion, etc. Once a stroke leads to serious conditions such as strabismus, hemianopia, speech impairment, mental retardation, syncope or even death, the treatment and prognosis are often very difficult, tricky and poor, even causing permanent damage. Therefore, paying attention to some early manifestations of stroke occurrence and screening for lesions of the carotid system are important components of effective stroke attack prevention. In addition to stroke attacks, there are two other types of mild or precipitating strokes in clinical practice and in life: transient ischemic attack (TIA) and subclinical stroke (minor stroke, silent stroke or subclinical stroke). A transient ischemic attack is a temporary loss of blood supply to the brain, which occurs suddenly and lasts from a few minutes to a few hours, with complete recovery within 24 hours. For example, paralysis and weakness of one upper or lower limb, mild sensory loss or abnormality, aphasia, and sometimes visual impairment and eye pain on one side due to ophthalmic artery ischemia. When the basilar artery system is involved, vertigo, vomiting, double vision, unstable walking, and some patients may even have a fall. The frequency of attacks varies from person to person and can be tens of times in 24 hours or once in a few months, and the clinical manifestations of each attack are mostly similar. It may be due to repeated ischemia in the same cerebral artery supply area. The cause of ischemia is mostly thought to be related to microembolism and vasospasm of small cerebral arteries, and the ischemic symptoms are improved after the embolus is broken and dissolved. Some patients with untreated transient ischemic attack can develop into cerebral infarction, leading to severe functional impairment. Multiple episodes of transient ischemic attack within a short period of time are an alarm for the occurrence of severe cerebral infarction. Therefore, timely diagnosis and treatment of transient ischemic attacks is an important tool to prevent cerebral infarction. Subclinical stroke (minor stroke, silent stroke or subclinical stroke), as we can see from the English name, has a cognitive process in defining this type. It was first defined as a silent stroke, which often refers to a clinically asymptomatic stroke with only signs of cerebral infarction on other tests, such as a “lacunar infarction”. However, in reality, a quiescent stroke is not asymptomatic, but can have a direct impact on people’s thinking, mood and personality, and can cause serious problems if ignored. The theme of World Stroke Day 2008 is “Little Strokes, Big Trouble”, with an emphasis on “recognizing, treating and preventing vascular cognitive impairment”. The recognition of this type of stroke can be traced back to the 1960s when Fisher et al. at Harvard Medical School first reported “lacunar cerebral infarction” in the brain on autopsy, which was later found to be closely related to clinical stroke and cognitive impairment and attracted widespread medical attention. In 1994, Caplan proposed the term “asymptomatic cerebral infarction”, which generally refers to the absence of a history of stroke, without clear neurological signs, but with neuroimaging confirming the presence of vascular disease such as cerebral infarction. In 1990, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINCDS) included it as one of the classifications of cerebrovascular diseases. It was also added to the classification of cerebrovascular diseases in 1995. Recently, Professor Hashinski, Editor-in-Chief of Stroke, suggested that the term “resting stroke” is inappropriate, as a careful examination of such patients may reveal mild neurological abnormalities or mild neuropsychological impairment, and that a more appropriate term would be “subclinical stroke”. The more appropriate term is “subclinical stroke”. Patients with subclinical stroke may have no clinical symptoms at all, but some patients may have dizziness, headache, mild limb numbness, or weakness. Notably, some patients show impaired cortical function and emotional changes, such as memory loss, inattention, cognitive decline, and even depression and anxiety. Without a thorough clinical examination and neuroimaging, the diagnosis can be easily misdiagnosed or missed. Another concept that is as important to understand as subclinical stroke is vascular dementia. It is a brain dysfunction caused by damage to the brain parenchyma due to various cerebrovascular diseases and is characterized by cognitive impairment, memory loss, dementia, and abnormal mental behavior. A proportion of patients with Alzheimer’s disease is due to vascular disease. Risk factors for stroke are: 1. Hypertensive disorders: Hypertension is the main independent risk factor for both hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes. Therefore, if hypertension is present, blood pressure must be gradually reduced to below 140/90 mmHg by antihypertensive drugs and low salt diet, and to 130/80 mmHg in special patients such as those with diabetes or renal insufficiency; 2. Diabetes: Diabetes is a risk factor for all vascular diseases, including cerebrovascular, cardiovascular and peripheral vascular. Good glycemic control is an important means to reduce the occurrence of vascular events and slow down the process of atherosclerosis; 3, dyslipidemia: or hyperlipidemia, cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL are the most important lipoproteins that cause atherosclerosis and are the main risk factors. Therefore, the application of lipid-lowering drugs such as statins and fibrates to control dyslipidemia is a basic strategy for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis; 4, heart disease: such as rheumatic heart disease, coronary heart disease, especially atrial fibrillation, is a potential cause of brain embolism caused by direct embolism; 5, smoking and alcohol abuse; 6, obesity; 7, age and sex, age is an important risk factor for atherosclerosis, and the degree of atherosclerosis The incidence of stroke increases with age over 50 years. Therefore, for patients at risk of stroke or with carotid atherosclerosis or stenosis or even occlusion, lowering glucose, lipids and blood pressure is an important preventive measure; at the same time, treatment of primary diseases such as heart disease, obesity, alcohol and tobacco abuse, etc. Another important treatment is blood thinning and prevention of thrombosis – antiplatelet therapy. In the past decade, the NIH has reduced the overall incidence of vascular events (myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, peripheral vascular embolism) by 25% in the nation by adopting the above-mentioned comprehensive prevention and control measures. Our country is an aging society, and age is a high risk factor for vascular events. Active prevention and intervention will greatly reduce the occurrence of cardiac and vascular events in China, which can improve people’s physical and mental health, contribute to stability and harmony, and save medical resources.