A “hernia” occurs when there is a weakness in the abdominal wall and the intestines or other internal organs protrude through the weak area. The most common are umbilical hernias and inguinal hernias. There are two types of inguinal hernias: hiatal and ventral. They look similar, but they protrude from different areas. An incisional hernia is a hernia that develops at the site of an incision after abdominal surgery. Symptoms The initial symptom is a subcutaneous bulge with no pain, but it can increase in size and produce pain during strenuous activity or coughing. At this stage, the hernia can still return, that is, the contents of the hernia can return to the abdominal cavity. However, as the hernia progresses, an impaction (inability to return) may occur. If blood cannot enter the embedded intestinal canal, it can lead to strangulation and pain, nausea, vomiting or constipation. Risk factors 1. family history of hernia 2. male 3. obesity 4. pregnancy 5. weight lifting, coughing, straining to defecate 6. cystic fibrosis, and chronic pneumonia 7. history of previous abdominal surgery Complications The hernia may involve other organs (such as the bladder or colon) or nerves, leading to constipation, urinary function, or sexual dysfunction. Strangulated hernias are surgical emergencies because the intestine can become necrotic, leading to peritonitis (inflammation inside the abdominal cavity), which is life-threatening and requires surgical removal of part of the intestine. If the hernia is accompanied by significant abdominal pain, hernia pain, nausea, or vomiting, prompt medical attention should be sought. Treatment Initial treatment of a small hernia includes avoidance of weight lifting, exertion, or exercise, and sometimes a support may be worn. It was previously thought that all hernias should be repaired. However, recent evidence suggests that repair is only necessary if the hernia is associated with significant discomfort or pain. The surgical repair of a hernia is called a hernia repair. When the defect is large, a patch may be used to strengthen the weak area of the muscle. The use of patches can reduce recurrence, but patches can become infected. In some cases, hernia repair can be performed laparoscopically (through a small incision in the skin and a fiberoptic hose with a camera, miniature instruments), but there is no evidence that laparoscopy has advantages over traditional surgery.