Osteoarthritis is a chronic joint disease characterized by degenerative joint cartilage and new bone formation in the subchondral bone and joint margins. Osteoarthritis is more prevalent in the elderly population and can manifest itself in multiple joints throughout the body, with the hip and knee joints being the most common. Typical symptoms include joint pain with limited motion and, in severe cases, joint deformity. Typical joint x-rays show narrowing or loss of joint space, subchondral bone sclerosis and/or cystic changes, and increased bone growth at the joint edges. This is why osteoarthritis is traditionally referred to as “osteophytes” or “age-related arthritis”. Depending on the progression of the osteoarthritis condition, osteoarthritis can be divided into different stages, with different treatment priorities for different periods. Clinically, osteoarthritis is often divided into three stages: mild, moderate and severe (or early, middle and late stages). Early-stage arthritis is characterized by knee discomfort that is relieved by rest, with no significant changes on x-ray or only mild subchondral bone sclerosis. In the middle stage, osteoarthritis is characterized by persistent pain in the knee joint, which is aggravated after activity or when walking up and down stairs, with significant pressure pain; on the X-ray, there is hyperplasia of the bone and narrowing of the joint space, mostly asymmetric. Late stage osteoarthritis is characterized by significant pain in the knee joint, often unrelieved after rest, with limited activity, and may be complicated by deformity. For early osteoarthritis, regular and moderate physical exercise is recommended, such as walking, swimming and cycling, and reducing exercises that may wear out the joints, such as climbing, stairs and squatting. For heavier patients, it is important to actively reduce body weight. Also start oral acetaminophen medications. If acetaminophen medication is ineffective, the disease has begun to progress to the intermediate stage. For mid-stage osteoarthritis, oral NSAIDs are first considered to relieve joint pain and reduce the inflammatory response. Add cartilage-protective drugs, including glucosamine and chondroitin, as well. For acute osteoarthritis of the knee, intra-articular glucocorticoid injections can be given to control symptoms, but no more than three injections per year should be given. For chronic mid-stage osteoarthritis, intra-articular injections of sodium glutamate can be given, but in patients who do not experience pain relief after the injection, this indicates that the disease has begun to progress to an advanced stage. For advanced (severe) osteoarthritis, when conservative treatment is not effective, surgery should be actively considered. Other surgical procedures, such as joint fusion surgery, are not as effective as arthroplasty and are no longer widely used in clinical practice. The goal of joint replacement surgery is to relieve pain, correct joint deformities, restore joint function, and restore normal life. For the elderly, aggressive surgical treatment can effectively restore their daily life, avoid pain and activity disorders that lead to crutches or wheelchairs, and effectively reduce the occurrence of cardiopulmonary dysfunction and mental problems caused by lack of exercise. After decades of development, joint replacement technology has become very mature, and the minimally invasive techniques currently used in clinical practice are minimally invasive, with minimal intraoperative bleeding, and patients can walk on the ground the day after surgery and resume normal life and function after three months. As for the service life of the artificial prosthesis, currently imported joints are mostly 20-30 years, which can meet the needs of patients aged 60-70. It is important to note that after joint replacement surgery, patients still need active rehabilitation, including joint mobility and peripheral muscle strength exercises, in order to achieve the best surgical results.