Dementia is an acquired, persistent impairment of intelligence and has become one of the major public health problems as the number of people living longer increases. In China, vascular dementia accounts for a high proportion of dementia and is the most common type of dementia. It is a dementia caused by brain damage due to cerebrovascular lesions and can occur alone or in association with Alzheimer’s disease. The pathogenesis includes two aspects: cerebrovascular disease and risk factors for cerebrovascular disease. Cerebrovascular disease: large artery lesions, cardiogenic cerebral embolism, small vessel disease, hemodynamically related cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral venous lesions, etc. Risk factors include: hypertension, hyperlipidemia, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, smoking, etc., stroke, ischemic white matter lesions, advanced age and low educational level. Clinical manifestations are twofold: cognitive dysfunction and neurological dysfunction of cerebrovascular disease. Cognitive impairment: Memory impairment is dominated by impaired near memory, which is manifested by inability to remember what has just happened or what has just been said, forgetting the names of familiar people, but relatively clear memory of long-ago events. The ability to grasp new knowledge, proficient application and social skills decreases, and in severe cases, temporal and spatial disorientation, getting lost, and not being able to reach the desired location even in one’s own home successfully; various mental behavior abnormalities, highlighted by depression, apathy, personality changes, psychomotor retardation, loss of emotional control, and abnormal behavior. They speak less than before, have difficulty in finding words, have vague and stereotyped speech, use long, wordy and empty words, often use meaningless words, such as “this” and “what”, etc.; cannot use some objects correctly, cannot prepare meals, put on clothes, draw pictures, etc.; cannot use some objects correctly. They are unable to use some items correctly, such as preparing meals, dressing, drawing pictures, etc. They are unable to identify some items correctly, such as pencils and chairs; they are unable to calculate, continue their original work, and continue to manage their money. Neurological dysfunction in cerebrovascular disease: sudden onset, stepwise progression, fluctuating or chronic course, history of stroke, etc. There is no standard therapy for the treatment of vascular dementia. The key to prevention is to identify and control risk factors in the early stages. Primary prevention (prevention of stroke occurrence) and secondary prevention (treatment of acute phase of stroke, stroke rehabilitation and prevention of recurrence) emphasize lifestyle modification, including dietary control, smoking cessation and moderate exercise. Early diagnosis, treatment of stroke and prevention of stroke recurrence can slow down the rate of progression of dementia.