The incidence and mortality rate of esophageal cancer are among the top of various malignant tumors, which seriously threaten people’s health. How to prevent esophageal cancer has become a topic of concern. First of all, we need to understand the factors of esophageal cancer: 1. Nitrosamine compounds: In recent years, experiments have proved that there are more than 20 kinds of nitrosamines that induce esophageal cancer, which exist in certain foods, vegetables and drinking water. They can also be formed in vivo and in vitro. For example, the residents of Lin County, Henan Province and other places often eat sauerkraut with high content of nitrite salts. 2, mold: moldy food can be isolated from the white mold, yellow mold, root mold and shoot mold, etc., these molds can induce animal tumors, and nitrosamines have cancer-promoting synergistic effect. Survey data prove that residents of high incidence areas eat more fermented and moldy food than low incidence areas, such as Guangdong Chaoshan area residents often eat fish sauce. 3.Eating habits: hot food, hard food and coarse food can easily cause esophageal mucous membrane damage, and repeated esophageal mucous membrane damage can easily cause esophageal cancer. Smoking, drinking alcohol and lack of nutrition are related to the occurrence of esophageal cancer. 4.Lack of trace elements: The survey shows that the content of molybdenum, zinc, copper and nickel in the external environment of human body is low in the high incidence area of esophageal cancer in China. 5.Hereditary susceptibility: High-incidence families of esophageal cancer can be found in both high-incidence and low-incidence regions of esophageal cancer. This indicates that there is an obvious familial aggregation phenomenon. However, there is no definite conclusion whether this family gathering phenomenon is caused by genetic factors or by family members receiving the same environmental carcinogenic factors for a long period of time. 6. Pre-cancerous diseases of esophagus: chronic inflammation of esophagus, reflux disease, achalasia of cardia, iron deficiency dysphagia syndrome, scar stenosis, leukoplakia, etc. may lead to cancer. Only after the factors of pathogenesis are clearly identified can we target the prevention work: 1.”The disease comes from the mouth”, first of all, we have to control our mouth, change the bad eating habits, quit smoking and limit alcohol; avoid eating foods with high content of nitrosamines, such as sauerkraut, etc.; avoid eating moldy foods. 2, pay attention to the method of preserving food, try to use the refrigerator to preserve food, less pickled, smoked and other methods to prevent mold. 3.People with family history should be more alert to the occurrence of esophageal cancer. If you find any discomfort, rubbing sensation, slight pain or foreign body staying sensation behind the sternum when eating, you should consult a doctor in time. 4.Treat precancerous diseases of esophagus in time.