Four methods of retaining urine specimens: Method 1: Fresh morning urine: Take 30~50 ml of the middle part of the first urine in the early morning when you wake up and send it in a clean container such as a urine cup. Test items: urinary routine, urinary sediment, urinary NAG enzyme, urinary protein profile, urinary retinoid binding protein (RB protein), urinary immunochemical, etc. Method 2: Random urine: take 30~50ml of randomly collected urine from the middle part of the day and send it for testing in a clean container such as a urine cup. Test items: urine routine, disposable urine protein/creatinine ratio, urinary acidification function, etc. Method 3: Retention of urine at a specific time: After 12 hours of water and food fasting, urine will be drained and continued to be fasted, and 30~50 ml of urine will be retained at the 13th hour for testing. Example: After dinner at 6:00 p.m. that day, no water, no food, normal urine, to 6:00 a.m. the next day for a total of 12 hours, must be relieved of urine, still no water, no food, to 7:00 p.m. then relieved of urine for testing. Test item: urine concentration test measurement. Method 4: 24-hour urine retention: After waking up at 7:00 am to drain the first urine, collect each urine thereafter, put it into the urine retention container (please add preservative toluene in advance) and mix it well until the next morning at 7:00 am to solve the last urine in the urine retention container. (You can also retain urine from any point in the morning of the first day to the same point in the morning of the second day, the same method as above) Testing items: urine protein quantification (24 hours), urine microalbumin (24 hours), urine amino acid concentration (24 hours), urine physical and chemical properties of the six analysis. Routine urine examination 1, routine urine: routine urine is the easiest test for the presence of lesions in the urinary system, the nature and extent of lesions. The examination items include urine protein (Pro), occult blood or red blood cells (BLD, ERY), urine pH (pH), specific gravity (SG), white blood cells (LEU), glucose (Glu), etc. Changes in these indicators may indicate kidney function damage, but the report should be analyzed objectively because there are many interfering factors that affect the accuracy of the test results, such as drugs or food can change the color and pH; urine dilution after drinking a lot of water can affect the urine specific gravity and other items; urine test during menstruation and within 2~3 days before and after menstruation in female patients can affect the urine results. 2, urine sediment: the first urine examination in the early morning. (1) urine red blood cells positive is called “hematuria”, the normal value of red blood cells < 10,000/ml. hematuria light can not be detected by the naked eye, must be determined by microscopic examination, called "microscopic hematuria"; hematuria heavy urine washed water color or even blood color, called The hematuria is called "carnal hematuria". "Hematuria" is commonly seen in glomerulonephritis, urinary tract infection, urinary stones, and sometimes in tumors, cysts, malformations, and trauma of the urinary tract. Red blood cell morphology helps to identify the source of hematuria. If the red blood cells are polymorphic, hematuria is considered to be from the glomerulus. (2) 0~5 leukocytes in normal human urine under high magnification microscopy. If leukocytes increase, it often indicates urinary tract infection, also seen in lupus nephritis, acute interstitial nephritis, etc. 3. 24-hour urine protein quantification: normal value <0.4 g/24 hours. If the 24-hour urine protein quantification increases, it can reflect the degree of glomerular or tubular lesions. This test is more accurate than the routine urine protein test and therefore better reflects the condition. Note: urine retained for less than 24 hours; foreign bodies mixed in the urine; eating a large amount of protein on the same day will affect the test results.