Gastroscopy: 1. Gastroscopy can observe the following: pharynx, esophagus, cardia, fundus, gastric body, gastric sinus, duodenal bulb, duodenal descending and duodenal papilla; Yang Wei, Department of Gastroenterology, Ningxia Third People’s Hospital 2. This examination can clarify whether we have the following lesions: esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus (diagnosis requires pathological examination, and biopsy can be taken during gastroscopy), esophageal cancer This test can clarify the severity of gastritis, biopsy for atrophy, enterosis, cancer, etc., and biopsy for H. pylori infection, gastric ulcer, bile reflux, duodenal ulcer, etc. 3, so this test is recommended to do, gastroscopy has conventional gastroscopy and painless gastroscopy (intravenous anesthetic). 4, the morning of the gastroscopy needs to be fasting (patients with swallowing difficulties need to fast for a little longer), and before doing the gastroscopy also need to improve the laboratory tests for infectious diseases (hepatitis B, hepatitis C, syphilis, AIDS), painless gastroscopy also need to perform electrocardiogram and blood tests for liver function. B. Upper gastrointestinal imaging (commonly known as barium meal): This test can observe whether we have short esophagus, whether there is deformation of the esophagus (dilated, twisted, etc.), whether there is narrowing of the esophagus, and how fast or slow the esophagus empties, which can also be clarified when there is an esophageal hiatal hernia and the hernia sac is in place (sliding esophageal hiatal hernia and small esophageal hiatal hernia may not be visible), and can also clarify whether there is gastric prolapse and gastric emptying, and can also The presence of obstruction and diverticula in the upper gastrointestinal tract can be clarified. This test is of great interest to patients with dysphagia, bloating and vomiting. On the day of examination, fasting is required (patients with dysphagia need to fast for a longer period of time); 3. Esophageal high-resolution manometry: This test can clarify esophageal dynamics, esophageal dilator pressure, and the presence of esophageal hiatal hernia. It is very important for patients with dysphagia, which can clarify the cause of dysphagia and can also be an important reference indicator for deciding the surgical method when we perform surgery; stop taking drugs that promote gastrointestinal motility before the examination; fasting is required on the day of examination (patients with dysphagia need to fast for a little longer). Esophageal acid measurement (esophageal PH monitoring): This test is mainly to monitor the presence of acid reflux in the esophagus and the number and severity of reflux, which is very important for patients with acid reflux and heartburn, and is affected by medication, so it is necessary to stop using acid-inhibiting drugs and gastric mucosa and protective agents for more than 1-2 weeks before the test. Fasting is required in the morning of the examination, and normal food can be eaten after the examination is done; and laboratory tests for infectious diseases (hepatitis B, hepatitis C, syphilis, AIDS) need to be completed before. V. Impedance test: This test is a more comprehensive and advanced test for gastroesophageal reflux, significantly better than the esophageal acid test (esophageal PH monitoring), and less affected by oral medication than the esophageal acid test (esophageal PH monitoring); it can not only clarify acid reflux, but also monitor alkaline reflux, and can also clarify the nature of the reflux (gas reflux, liquid reflux, or mixed gas-liquid reflux). The correlation between the occurrence of reflux events and refractory symptoms can be clarified, providing an important reference for the development of treatment plans. This test is more recommended for patients with acid reflux, heartburn, chest pain, and patients who have taken oral gastric medications. It is recommended to stop taking gastric medication for more than 1-2 weeks before the test; fasting is required on the morning of the test, and you can eat normally after the test is done; and laboratory tests for infectious diseases (hepatitis B, hepatitis C, syphilis, HIV) should be completed beforehand. Monitoring results also vary with the occurrence of reflux on the day (reference index). Sixth, throat reflux monitoring: It is important for patients with throat symptoms (cough, laryngeal spasm, foreign body sensation in the throat, hoarseness, etc.), and the instrument can monitor when there is acid reflux to the throat. It is recommended to stop taking gastric drugs for more than 1-2 weeks before the test; fasting is required on the morning of the test, and you can eat normally after the test is done; and laboratory tests for infectious diseases (hepatitis B, hepatitis C, syphilis, AIDS) should be completed beforehand. Monitoring results also vary with the occurrence of reflux on the day (reference index). Note: 1, each patient’s situation is different; not every patient must improve every test, need to make a choice according to the condition; test results are affected by a variety of factors, the results can only be a reference, the specific treatment should be combined with the patient’s condition and then decided. For patients with general reflux, the first, third and fifth tests are recommended; for patients with dysphagia or vomiting, the first, second and third tests are recommended; for patients with pharyngeal symptoms, the first, third and sixth tests are recommended.