Progress of laryngeal endoscopy: The supporting laryngeal endoscopy system has the advantages of large field of view, high brightness and clear operative field, and can be connected to a video camera system for easy demonstration and operation under direct vision, which has solved many problems in the previous surgery of laryngeal diseases. For vocal cord nodules, broad-based vocal cord polyps, epiglottis cysts, vocal cord carcinoma in situ, and laryngeal papilloma, minimally invasive laryngeal surgery under laryngeal endoscopy has greater advantages than laryngeal laceration. Since 1873, the classical surgery for laryngeal cancer is total laryngectomy, which follows the principle of radical tumor treatment, i.e., extensive local excision, with the aim of preserving life and ignoring the patient’s quality of life and disability. The 5-year survival rate is the same as that of total laryngectomy. Since the development of minimally invasive surgery, laryngeal carcinoma in situ and T1 lesions have been treated by microscopic and laryngoscopic laryngeal debridement, and the 3-year survival rate is 90.6% for early vocal cord carcinoma treated with this surgery or vocal cord excision + microwave or radiation therapy. The survival rate for microinvasive vocal cord cancer treated with vocal cord debridement or radiation therapy or radiation therapy alone was 100% at 63 months of follow-up, of which only one case underwent partial laryngectomy. Recently, microscopic translaryngeal CO2 laser resection for carcinoma in situ and T1 lesions of the vocal cord has also received good results. For early hypopharyngeal cancer lesions, laser transoral microsurgical resection is applied. If surgical treatment is performed, the uninvaded part of the larynx is sacrificed, while minimally invasive surgery with laser and microscope is much more precise and restores the function quickly, so the conventional view of radical surgery for primary tumor and large neck resection should be revised. Hypopharyngeal cancer still needs to be determined surgically according to the extent of the lesion, and some lesions that are extensive cannot be resolved by minimally invasive surgery.