What we usually call “lumbar disc herniation” is called “lumbar disc herniation” in medicine, which is a kind of common disease in orthopedics and spinal surgery. It is mainly caused by various factors such as external force that leads to rupture of the annulus fibrosus, and the nucleus pulposus tissue invades from the rupture to the vertebral canal at different degrees, which results in the stimulation or compression of the corresponding parts of the spinal cord or the spinal nerve roots to suffer from different degrees of irritation or compression. As a result, the spinal cord or spinal nerve roots are irritated or compressed to varying degrees, resulting in lumbar pain accompanied by a series of clinical symptoms and signs, such as numbness, pain and dysfunction of the lower limbs, either unilaterally or bilaterally. If a herniated nucleus pulposus is seen on the MRI or CT image but the patient does not have the typical symptoms mentioned above, the diagnosis of “lumbar disc herniation” cannot be confirmed, and it can only be called “lumbar disc herniation”. According to the degree of herniation, lumbar intervertebral discs can be categorized as bulging, protruding or prolapsing. Lumbar 4/5 and lumbar 5/sacral 1 disc herniations have the highest incidence rate, accounting for more than 90% of the total number of cases. The causes of lumbar disc herniation are very many, the most important reason is the degenerative changes of lumbar vertebrae, the degenerative changes of fibrous annulus make its toughness significantly reduced, the degeneration of nucleus pulposus is manifested as the reduction of water content appears atrophy, the intervertebral space becomes narrower gradually, which gradually causes the spinal column to be destabilized and other pathological changes. Acute injuries or chronic minor damage caused by long-term repeated external forces also aggravate the speed and degree of degeneration. Under various triggers such as increased abdominal pressure, improper sitting posture, sudden weight bearing, pregnancy, etc., which may lead to a sudden increase of pressure in the intervertebral disc, the nucleus pulposus may break through the weak and inelastic degenerated annulus, causing compression of the nerve and spinal cord in the spinal canal. Genetic factors and congenital developmental abnormalities of the lumbosacral spine are also possible causes of herniated discs. Once the above symptoms appear, you should go to the orthopedics or spine surgery clinic of a regular hospital in a timely manner. After taking a medical history and physical examination, the doctor will recommend that the patient undergo imaging tests. These tests include lumbar X-ray, CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which has the greatest diagnostic value for lumbar disc herniation and is radiation-free. MRI can provide a comprehensive view of the lumbar vertebral body, dural sac, nerve roots and soft tissues, and clearly show whether there are lesions and herniations of intervertebral discs at different segments and levels, and whether the nerve structures are compressed. Combined with lumbar CT examination, it can also accurately determine whether the herniated disc is calcified. Don’t panic if you are diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation, as treatment options for this common condition are very sophisticated. Most patients can be relieved or cured by non-surgical treatments. Non-surgical treatments are mainly suitable for the following situations: young patients who have their first attack or have a short history of the disease, with mild symptoms that can be relieved on their own after resting, with little impact on their life and work, and with no serious herniated lesions on lumbar spine MRIs or CT scans. It is recommended that patients absolutely bed rest. If they must get up, they must wear a waist cuff. This method is simple, but it is greatly beneficial to the treatment. You can also choose to go to the regular hospital to do rehabilitation therapy, traction, massage and massage, etc. These treatments help to increase the height of the intervertebral space, reduce the pressure within the intervertebral disc, which can appropriately alleviate the spasm of the muscle ligaments and eliminate the inflammation and edema of the nerve roots. However, rough traction massage and other therapies should be avoided, which will aggravate the condition, and need to be carried out under the guidance of professional doctors. Medication. The above treatment can be supplemented with medication, which includes the following categories: 1, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory pain medication, such as pain is more intense can be applied to weak opioid pain medication. 2, neurotrophic drugs. 3, to eliminate the edema of the nerve root. In addition to oral medication can also be applied to external drugs such as various creams, creams, etc. 4, hormonal drugs, if necessary, discretionary application, but should pay attention to the side effects and application under the guidance of a professional physician. Conservative treatment is effective for the vast majority of patients, a small number of patients with unsatisfactory results can consider surgical treatment. If the following situations occur, timely surgical treatment is required.1. History of the disease for more than three months, the symptoms recurring or gradually aggravated by the regular conservative treatment is ineffective, which seriously affects the quality of life and the ability to work.2. Although it is the first time to develop the disease, but the pain is severe, the symptoms of the severe interference with diet, sleepless nights, forced position.3. Combined with the manifestation of the cauda equina nerve compression, i.e., urinary and fecal dysfunction.4. Spinal nerve root damage aggravated by paralysis manifestations such as hyperalgesia, muscle atrophy, decreased muscle strength, foot drop. Surgery includes traditional open surgery and minimally invasive spinal surgery, which is currently undergoing rapid development. The principle of the different surgical programs is basically the same, i.e., to remove the factors that compress the nerves, and fixation and fusion can be carried out according to the needs. Traditional open surgery is generally referred to as “lumbar decompression, immobilization and fusion” surgery. There are many types of minimally invasive surgery, including simple small-incision decompressive discectomy, micro-access techniques, dual-access spinal endoscopy and single-access spinal endoscopy. The most minimally invasive of these is “intervertebral surgery”. Intervertebral foraminoscopy is a spinal endoscope. Before the surgery, the target point of the surgery is precisely located based on the MRI and CT films. Afterwards, a tube equipped with a light source and a lens is passed through a small incision of 0.8 cm on the side or the back of the body to reach the target point, and the magnified image of 30 times is clearly displayed on a computer monitor. During the operation, the nerve structures are carefully identified and protected, and then special instruments are used to remove any tissue that is compressing the nerves, completely relieving the nerve roots and spinal cord from compression. Most patients are under local anesthesia and the surgeon can talk to the patient on the operating table. The entire procedure takes about 2 hours and involves about 5 ml of bleeding, and only 1 suture is needed to close the wound. The pain can be relieved quickly after the operation, and bed rest is required for about 2 weeks after discharge from the hospital. At present, many lumbar disc herniation are young patients, mostly seen in long-term sedentary work, lack of exercise, obesity and heavy manual labor. This kind of friends should pay more attention to prevention, to maintain good sitting posture, do not sleep on the sofa or too soft bed. Long-term sedentary workers should regularly change posture, should be appropriate to increase aerobic exercise and low back muscle exercises such as “small swallow fly” and “five-point support”, to enhance the strength of the muscles of the lower back, reduce the local pressure on the intervertebral discs, increase the intrinsic stability of the spine.