Lung cancer is not only the first malignant tumor in the world with the highest death rate, but also a serious health threat in China. The prognosis of lung cancer is closely related to the clinical stage at the time of diagnosis, and the later the diagnosis, the worse the prognosis. 5-year survival rate of stage 0 lung cancer patients can be more than 90% after surgery, and the 5-year survival rate of stage la lung cancer patients is about 60% after surgery, while the overall 5-year survival rate of stage II-IV patients decreases from 40% to 5 percent. In recent years, despite the great progress in comprehensive lung cancer treatment technology, the long-term survival rate of lung cancer is still only 10%-15%. The main reason for this is that 80% of lung cancer patients are already in advanced stage when they are diagnosed, and the treatment effect is poor. Therefore, “early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment” is an important measure and necessary means to reduce the mortality rate of lung cancer, which can improve the survival rate and prolong the survival period. Even precancerous lesions can be detected, making early intervention and treatment of lung cancer possible. Since lung cancer diagnosis is basically the work of general hospitals, respiratory physicians in general hospitals have a long way to go and should strengthen the early diagnosis and prevention of lung cancer. 2. Insufficient attention to lung cancer staging The survival of lung cancer is related to accurate diagnosis and staging, but the current staging work in general hospitals is not detailed and often satisfied with qualitative diagnosis, which is not suitable for formulating the best staging plan, because inaccurate staging often leads to inaccurate treatment. Although there are constantly new drugs and repeatedly revised guidelines for lung cancer diagnosis and treatment, the survival of lung cancer is still unsatisfactory. The reasons for this are certainly related to the lack of a cure, but the lack of comprehensive treatment and individual differences undoubtedly play an important role. Therefore, lung cancer should be treated individually and comprehensively, or routinely combined with individual treatment. What should be the starting point for creating a new era of lung cancer diagnosis and treatment? A variety of biological agents including various immunomodulators, gene therapy and molecular targeted drugs have been introduced and have already achieved promising results in the treatment of lung cancer, making it easier for respiratory physicians to play a greater role in the treatment. However, the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer by physicians in general hospitals is not optimistic, because there are not enough diagnosis and treatment norms and not many innovative achievements. It is urgent to organize and highlight the comprehensive strengths to create a new situation of lung cancer diagnosis and treatment. I think we should start working from the following aspects: 1. Strengthen the collaboration among lung cancer groups and popularize the knowledge of standardized diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer There are more than 10,000 respiratory specialist physicians in China, many of whom work full-time and part-time on lung tumor prevention and treatment, which is a good platform, and they should be organized through the Lung Cancer Group of Chinese Medical Association to form a collaborative network for comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of lung tumor and carry out early screening and standardized treatment of lung cancer. The clinical problems, low early diagnosis rate of lung cancer and insufficient level of comprehensive and individualized treatment can be solved by popularizing the knowledge of standardized diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. Adopting the strategy of popularization and improvement and highlighting the comprehensive level, we need to popularize the diagnosis and treatment guidelines through study courses, while cooperating to apply for high-level basic and clinical research, and after 5-10 years of efforts, we will achieve promising achievements. 2.Improve early diagnosis rate Early diagnosis of lung cancer has been a major problem that needs to be solved in the medical field. At present, the conventional methods used for lung cancer screening and early diagnosis include imaging techniques, such as low-dose spiral CT, PET/CT, and fluorescence fiber bronchoscopy. Previous studies have shown that LDCT can significantly improve the detection rate of lung cancer and is a good method for lung cancer screening and early diagnosis, but how to improve LDCT examination methods and combine with other examination techniques to improve the detection and diagnosis rates is still an urgent issue to be explored. Although LDCT is a sensitive tool for detecting early lung cancer, it is mainly sensitive for early peripheral lung cancer, while it is less sensitive and has a high false positive rate for pre-invasive and micro-invasive central lung cancer. Meanwhile, lung carcinogenesis is a multi-step process, which is an accumulation of a series of molecular genetic and phenotypic variants. Alterations at the metabolic and molecular levels precede morphologic abnormalities by a long shot, and alterations at the protein level are a reflection of alterations at the DNA and RNA levels. Therefore, sputum cytopathology, especially multiple sputum examinations, is helpful in diagnosing central tumors originating from the large airways (e.g., squamous and small cell carcinomas) and can compensate for the deficiencies of LDCT screening described above. Meanwhile, sputum specimens can provide clues for early diagnosis of lung cancer from various aspects such as DNA, RNA, protein and cytomorphology. Its greatest advantage is that it is non-invasive and easily accepted by the examiners. Therefore, the combined detection from sputum cytomorphology, nucleic acid and protein levels in many aspects, and the screening of molecular tumor markers with more reliable sensitivity and specificity from molecular level to assist in early diagnosis of lung cancer will greatly help to improve the sensitivity and specificity of early diagnosis of lung cancer.