Rectal cancer is a common malignant tumor in China, with the third highest incidence in men and the second highest in women after breast cancer in urban areas. At present, radical surgical resection is still the main treatment method for rectal cancer. With the continuous development and improvement of laparoscopic technology, laparoscopic radical rectal cancer resection has been accepted by more and more physicians and patients. Compared with traditional surgery, laparoscopic radical surgery has the advantages of small trauma, clear vision, fine surgical operation, less bleeding, less tumor extrusion during surgery, less disturbance in gastrointestinal tract, fast postoperative recovery, short hospitalization time and less postoperative complications. Laparoscopic radical rectal cancer surgery can achieve strict tumor-free principle, adequate resection scope and thorough lymph node dissection, which are the keys to the effect of radical rectal cancer surgery. It has been reported that a strict tumor-free technique can increase the 5-year survival rate by 16%. Due to the magnification of laparoscopic field of view, the anatomical structures are easier to identify, the tissue gap is easier to find, there is less squeezing and pulling on the tumor, and the possibility of tumor cell detachment is reduced; there is a more detailed field of view for certain delicate operations such as naked vessels, high ligation of vessels at the root of the mesentery, lymph node dissection at the root of the vessels, etc., and finer operations are achieved; deeper dissection of the presacral space can be performed under complete direct vision, and strict It is possible to perform deeper anterior sacral hiatus dissection under complete direct vision and strictly follow the surgical principle of total rectal mesenteric resection to truly achieve complete removal of tumor and improve the surgical effect and postoperative survival rate. Laparoscopic radical rectal cancer surgery has some other advantages over traditional open surgery. The laparoscope provides a better field of view, which can clearly reveal the anterior sacral nerve, seminal vesicles, vaginal-rectal space, prostate-rectal space, etc., which are not easily revealed by traditional open surgery, which is conducive to reducing unnecessary injury and bleeding, improving the efficiency of surgery and reducing the incidence of complications. Laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery has small wound, less bleeding, less disturbance in the gastrointestinal tract, in addition to aesthetics, less wound infection rate, less postoperative pain, shorter recovery time, and fewer days of hospitalization; precise surgery can preserve defecation, sexual function, and improve quality of life, etc. In 2018, under the organization of the Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery Group of the Surgery Branch of the Chinese Medical Association and the Laparoscopic Surgery Group of the Colorectal Cancer Specialty Committee of the Chinese Anti-Cancer Association, etc., domestic experts in the field of laparoscopic colorectal surgery revised and updated the 2006 Operational Guidelines for Laparoscopic Radical Rectal Cancer Surgery, which also further clarified and stipulated the basic principles and operational specifications of laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery. With the popularization of laparoscopic equipment and instruments, more and more surgeons have mastered laparoscopic techniques and more and more hospitals have carried out laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery; and the research and popularization of the latest naked-eye 3D laparoscopic system and remote 3D laparoscopic system also mean that the development of laparoscopic surgery has entered a new stage. We believe that with the further improvement of medical conditions, laparoscopic radical rectal cancer surgery will soon become the gold standard of surgical modality for this disease.