Urolithiasis may be associated with tumors of the urinary tract epithelium, either benign polyps or malignant tumors such as migratory cell carcinoma or squamous cell tumors. Stones that remain in the urinary tract for a long period of time can cause damage and mechanical irritation to the local mucosa, resulting in limited inflammatory hyperplasia and the formation of polyps. Polyps include inflammatory polyps and fibrous polyps, which are red or pale in color, cauliflower or mulberry-like in shape, and some of them may have the structural characteristics of tumors, which are called polypoid tumors, and most of them are benign. Long-term chronic stimulation by stones and infections may also lead to mucosal epithelial hyperplasia, papillary hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia and finally squamous epithelial cell carcinoma. When prostatic hyperplasia is combined with bladder stones, the repeated impact of the stones on the bladder neck during urination may also lead to local mucosal injury, inflammation and malignant changes. Long-term stimulation by stones and infection may also cause bladder epithelial hyperplasia to form cystic or glandular cystitis, and some of the hyperplastic epithelium extends to the submucosal connective tissue to form Brunn’s cell nests, which may evolve into adenocarcinomas on the basis of the hyperplasia. Therefore, patients with kidney, ureteral and bladder stones who have a long course of disease should pay attention to whether they are combined with tumors, and should not be careless.