Background: Currently, most international guidelines recommend that patients should be fasted from solid foods for at least 6 hours, breast milk for 4 hours, and light fluids for 2 hours prior to general anesthesia. However, clinical researchers have found that some children are already dehydrated by the time they enter the operating room. At the Pediatric Anesthesia Center at Uppsala University Hospital in Sweden, a more liberal preoperative fasting protocol has been in place for more than 10 years. At the hospital, children undergoing elective surgery are free to drink light fluids before surgery until they are called into the operating room for surgery. Recently, Professor Andersson and his team at Uppsala University, Sweden, published a retrospective study in Pediatric Anesthesia to examine the effect of not restricting the intake of bland fluids before general anesthesia on the incidence of aspiration pneumonia in pediatric patients. Study Procedure: By reviewing anesthesia record sheets in the electronic medical record system and discharge records, the researchers analyzed pediatric elective procedures from January 2008 to December 2013. Aspiration pneumonia was diagnosed by consistent imaging and postoperative signs of respiratory distress after aspiration and/or vomiting during anesthesia, and all records such as nursing events and chest radiographs were analyzed for cases presenting with vomiting, reflux, and/or aspiration. The results showed that out of 10,015 pediatric anesthesia cases, only 3 cases of misaspiration occurred. There were no patients requiring cancellation of surgery, intensive care or ventilation support, and no deaths due to aspiration; there were only 14 patients with suspected pulmonary aspiration, but imaging and persistent patient symptoms did not confirm the diagnosis. The researchers noted that fasting increases the risk of perioperative dehydration and hypoglycemia and increases postoperative insulin resistance, which further causes hyperglycemia, and that shortening the duration of fasting from light fluids not only helps maintain vascular volume but also further improves hemodynamic profile to facilitate vascular access. Several previous studies have shown that allowing children to drink water close to surgery reduces their hunger, thirst, anxiety, and increases comfort. In terms of practicality, the current preoperative fasting protocol may only work in practice for the first surgery of the day in the operating room, and allowing children to drink light fluids becomes extremely important when the order in which patients are scheduled for surgery changes. The current study has some drawbacks, such as the fact that although the program has been implemented in hospitals for many years, it may not be strictly enforced by ward staff and patients, and the current study does not allow for accurate retrospective diagnosis of patient malabsorption. In conclusion, the investigators concluded that pediatric patients who freely consume light fluids before being notified to enter the operating room are at a lower risk of pulmonary aspiration. In future clinical work, perhaps we can shorten the duration of preoperative abstinence from light fluids in pediatric patients and further improve and optimize the preoperative fasting protocol.