Cervical dysplasia is one of the main causes of late miscarriage and presents as a painless dilatation of the cervix, often causing discomfort when the fetus is close to delivery. However, there are many cervical problems that cause late miscarriage and cervical insufficiency is a very general diagnostic name. Strictly speaking, cervical insufficiency does not include anatomical abnormalities, such as cervical dysplasia, cervical laceration, post-operative cervical surgery, etc. It only refers to cervical problems that are normal in appearance and examination, but malfunction in closure after pregnancy, leading to late miscarriage and preterm delivery, but are difficult to diagnose clinically. In practice, this is not very meaningful and the accuracy of the so-called “exploratory” examination is not very high, as the clinical diagnosis and treatment of anatomical and functional abnormalities of the cervix are usually combined. Patients with a history of late miscarriage or preterm labor should provide a medical history of the time, such as the course of early pregnancy, any causes of contractions, any infection of the reproductive tract, the course of the miscarriage, etc. The majority of patients need to be followed up after pregnancy, but only a few patients, such as those with abnormal cervical development or those with severe cervical tissue loss after cervical conization, need to be repaired before pregnancy by adding a patch. The majority of patients require pre-pregnancy repair after pre-conception evaluation. The majority of patients are ready to conceive after preconception evaluation, with follow-up starting 12 weeks after conception, although for most patients, post-pregnancy rest, prophylactic use of progesterone preparations, control of reproductive tract inflammation and prevention of constipation are very important adjunctive treatments.