Regardless of the etiology, the current conventional approach to the treatment of diseased valves in China is valve replacement. Mechanical valve replacement accounts for the vast majority, while the rest is biological valve replacement. Foreign data reports: mitral valve molding treatment has reached 46.5%, while aortic valve molding treatment only accounts for 1.7%. With valve replacement therapy, it is well known that there is a lot of potential risk of postoperative complications. After mechanical valve replacement, lifelong anticoagulation is required, with the risk of thromboembolism and bleeding complications; after bioprosthetic valve replacement, although long-term anticoagulation is not required, there is the problem of valve longevity. Generally, about 10 years after surgery, the bioprosthetic valve will be destroyed, requiring the possibility of a second surgery to replace the valve. Therefore, for valve lesions, the ideal approach is valve repair or valvuloplasty. Mitral valvuloplasty has been performed relatively widely. In recent years, the number of mitral valvuloplasty cases in China has been increasing year by year. However, there is still a considerable gap compared with foreign countries. This is because the surgical technique of valvuloplasty is more difficult than valve replacement. Not only does the operator need to have a high level of surgical skill and a good grasp of valve anatomy, but also an understanding of valve function and dynamic structure and advanced treatment concepts are important factors in determining the success of the procedure. Aortic valvuloplasty, due to the difference in anatomy, emerged later than mitral valvuloplasty. It has not been performed on a large scale in any hospital in China. Diseases involving the aortic valve and aortic root include: rheumatic aortic valve lesions; congenital aortic valve malformations (bivalve malformations are the most common); infective endocarditis; Marfan’s syndrome; ascending aortic aneurysms and ascending aortic coarctation aneurysms. Let’s start with aortic root aneurysms as an example. The routine procedure nowadays is combined aortic valve and ascending aorta replacement. The terminology is called the BENTAL procedure. This procedure was invented by Dr. Bental. An artificial vessel with a mechanical or biological valve (valve tube) is used to replace the diseased ascending aorta and valve. However, in a significant number of patients, the aortic root lesion requires replacement, while the aortic valve is relatively intact. Therefore, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, ascending aorta and root replacement with preservation of the aortic valve emerged. This is all for today, and we will continue to introduce some of the procedures and methods of valvuloplasty.