How is frostbite treated?

  After the occurrence of frostbite, the frostbitten limb should be quickly warmed in warm water, the temperature of the water should be tolerated by the hands of people with normal skin sensation around (not more than 40.5 ℃), so as not to burn the skin tissue that has lost consciousness. If the lower limbs are involved but need to walk a certain distance to receive medical treatment, do not thaw yourself for the time being. Trauma (such as walking) can further aggravate the damage of thawed tissues, and once frozen again further severely damage the tissue, but the longer it is frozen, the greater the damage to subsequent tissues. If the frozen part is not thawed immediately, it should be kept clean and dry, wrapped in clean cotton clothing for protection, and keep the whole body warm as much as possible, and then immediately sent to the hospital for treatment.  Upon arrival at the hospital, the limb should be quickly warmed in a large container with the water temperature kept at 38-43°C. After warming up, Doppler blood flow measurement, angiography or magnetic resonance examination should be performed to clarify the impaired blood circulation in the surrounding tissues to guide the treatment and improve the prognosis. Antibiotics should be used to prevent infection treatment and tetanus toxoid should be given.  After warming, frostbite trauma can be given furacilin solution for cleaning and wet dressing in the early stage. During the process of gradual lysis of necrotic tissues, continuous negative pressure drainage technique of trauma can be applied for treatment to promote the detachment of necrotic tissues and increase the local blood circulation of tissues. In the early post-injury period, most patients have dehydration and hemoconcentration. Intravenous rehydration fluids should be administered to restore electrolytes to normal levels, and a series of treatments to improve microcirculation should be given with the goal of restoring circulation and minimizing cellular damage. Deep frostbite can lead to necrosis of the distal limb, but it often takes a long time to clarify the necrosis boundary; therefore, premature debridement surgery is not advocated, and later surgery to close the wound can be elective depending on the trauma.