Smooth and white skin is the dream of every woman, and it brings colorful life. However, a colorful life can be troubled if the face shows such a scene due to pigmentation. Pigmentation has always been a topic of research in the cosmetic and medical fields, and the causes of its formation are also intricate. After research, the main factors of pigmentation are: genetic factors, ultraviolet radiation, endocrine disorders, diseases and living habits. Because of the various causes, pigmentation is divided into different types such as sun spots, chloasma, freckles and age spots, etc. Therefore, the methods used to combat different pigmentation should be different. The main symptoms of sun spots are: within a few hours after sun exposure, skin rashes such as erythema and papules are visible to the naked eye. The erythema is an edema symptom, the color is light red, bright red or dark red, sometimes presenting oval protrusions, sometimes smooth, and will evolve into brown patches after a few days. Erythema is most likely to appear on the forearms, back of hands, calves and face, which are often exposed in summer. The main cause of sun spots is the aging of the skin caused by sun exposure. Sun spots need to be prevented, and the first thing is to do a good job of sun protection. Moreover, sun protection is not only in summer, but also whenever there is sunlight, it is necessary to protect your skin from the sun, but it is just different when choosing the sun protection index. In addition, computers, lights and other light will promote the formation of melanin, also need to pay more attention in daily life. Choosing a quality sunscreen is the key to sun protection. Sunscreen can construct the first line of defense for the skin, and it can effectively inhibit the accumulation and generation of pigments. It is important to note that sunscreens should be replenished every 3 to 4 hours when in use. Women who have the habit of wearing makeup can replenish their foundation or dry powder, which also has a certain sunscreen function. When exposed to the hot sun, you need to use sunscreens with SPF 30 or so and PA+++, which also need to be reapplied every 3 to 4 hours. Besides applying sunscreen products, sunscreen tools such as sun hat, sunglasses and umbrella will also help in sun protection. If discoloration has been produced, it is recommended to use some whitening mask in addition to whitening essence every day. You can also go to a reputable laser beauty center and have laser treatment, which is also effective in lightening sun spots. 2. Prevention and treatment of melasma Melasma usually occurs symmetrically on the face and is light brown or dark brown in color. The size of melasma varies, and it is initially formed in the form of dots, but will expand and fuse into irregularly shaped spots after serious. The surface of melasma is smooth and the shape is very much like a butterfly, so it is also known as “butterfly spot”, which is usually symmetrically distributed around the cheek, nose, forehead and lips. Like other spots, there are many reasons for the formation of melasma, such as endocrine disorder, metabolic disorder, pregnancy or liver disease. In addition, physical factors such as strong ultraviolet radiation can also contribute to the formation of melasma. Besides, improper use of medicine or unqualified cosmetics may also cause melasma. Therefore, it is recommended that women with serious melasma should go to a regular hospital for examination and find out the cause before prescribing the right medicine. To get rid of chloasma, both internal and external treatment is needed. You can take some drugs to regulate endocrine secretion and adjust endocrine secretion by activating blood circulation and improving human microcirculation. Only by eliminating the toxins accumulated in the body can chloasma be eliminated fundamentally. If the effect of whitening products used is not obvious enough, you can go to a professional beauty center for laser whitening treatment. On the basis of removing chloasma, it is also important to prevent the regeneration of chloasma, for which we should do a good job of daily skin care seriously. To develop good living habits is the fundamental of skin care, to maintain an optimistic and positive attitude towards life, to improve the quality of sleep, to regulate bad emotions and to reduce psychological pressure. In addition to this, you should also pay attention to the scientific diet, usually eat more fruits and fresh vegetables, for high protein, low-fat food should also be more intake. Drink plenty of cool water to replenish the water lost in the body in a timely manner. In addition, special attention should be paid to sun care so as to get back the fair skin. Melasma is one of the most difficult spots to deal with. Women with melasma should have enough patience and not be too eager to get rid of it. 3.Control of freckles Freckles are extremely common spots, which are often produced on the face after sun exposure, usually brown and brown dots, which are spots formed by pigmentation, with different shapes and sizes, some are as big as pinheads or sesame seeds, and some are bigger round, oval or irregular shapes. The surface of freckles is smooth and they all exist individually and in isolation. They are generally more distributed on the face and are symmetrically scattered or dense. The main reason for the formation of freckles is the excessive melanin produced by melanocytes in the basal layer of epidermis, and many freckles are congenital. Most of the acquired freckles are caused by the skin care products containing irritating ingredients, and squeezing acne to hurt the dermis or capillaries may also be the cause of freckles. Freckles are by far the easiest pigmentation to eliminate because they are often located within the epidermis of the skin, unlike other spots that are deeply rooted, so some simple topical tips can be very effective in eliminating freckles, such as taking 1 tablet of vitamin C and vitamin E every day or using clean eggplant peels on the face, both of which are very effective in lightening freckles. Drinking 1 cup of tomato juice every day or eating tomatoes regularly is also very good for getting rid of freckles. Tomatoes can remove freckles because they are rich in glutathione, which can effectively inhibit the production of melanin and fundamentally make the pigmentation recede or disappear. Lemon juice is also effective in removing freckles. When making lemon juice, stir it first, then add sugar and water to the right amount and drink it directly. Drinking lemon juice is good for skin care, not only can it whiten the skin, but also can eliminate the deposited melanin and achieve the purpose of removing freckles. In addition, freckles can also be removed by directly using some effective spot removal products, such as whitening essence products, light spot serum or whitening and spot removal mask. For those who want to get rid of freckles, sun protection is essential to successfully resist UV radiation in order to keep the faded spots from re-forming. For fast results, photorejuvenation is recommended, which is also an effective way to fight freckles. It is based on the principle of using intense light that enters the skin to irradiate pigment particles, which are eliminated by the powerful light rays. Photorejuvenation can not only remove spots, but also has multiple cosmetic effects. 4.The prevention and treatment of age spots Age spots, as the name implies, appear in the twilight years of people, the specific performance is that some dark brown spots appear on the face, the initial spots are dark in color, and they will become black after a long time, the size and shape are different, the surface is rough, flat with the skin or higher than the skin, age spots are commonly found on different body parts such as face, back of hands, calves, back of feet and trunk. The main reason for the appearance of age spots is that the human body gradually ages with the increase of age, and the functions of internal organs begin to decline, and the metabolism of the skin slows down, resulting in the reduction of the ability to eliminate melanin. To fight against age spots, the main focus is on prevention. The first step of prevention is to avoid sunlight as much as possible, especially to avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight. Ultraviolet rays from the sun are the external cause of age spots, so it is essential to use sunscreen to protect your face from the sun, which can effectively reduce the stimulation of the sun on your face. At the same time, it is also necessary to make good adjustments in diet, especially to adjust the fat content in diet so that the fat intake accounts for 25% to 50% of the total calorie intake of the body. You can also take anti-aging herbs such as silver fungus and hawthorn for a long time, they are effective in inhibiting and eliminating age spots. In addition, vitamin E can stop the generation of lipofuscin, and it also has the effect of scavenging free radicals, which can prolong the life span of people. Therefore, you can take a certain amount of vitamin E directly, and eat more foods rich in vitamin E in your daily diet, such as cereals, beans, green plants, etc. Animal foods such as liver, eggs and dairy products are also rich in vitamin E. If you insist on eating them, they will have a good effect on the prevention of age spots. It will have good effect on the prevention of age spots.