Risk factors associated with cancer 1. Obesity: Overweight, obesity, malnutrition, and lack of exercise are associated with one-third of cancer deaths worldwide. 2.Smoking: Smoking is associated with cancer in many parts of the body, such as mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, lung, pancreas, kidney, bladder and cervix, among which smoking is most closely related to lung cancer. 3. Family history: Cancer is often distributed in family clusters for three reasons: (1) genetic inheritance; (2) exposure to the same environment; and (3) similar lifestyles. About 5% of cancers are associated with genetic defects, and this risk is particularly prominent in certain cancers, such as: breast, ovarian, cervical, prostate, and colorectal. A close relative who has a breast cancer has a 2-4 times increased risk in himself/herself. 4. Age: The vast majority of them occur in people over 50 years old. A study showed that increasing age and tumorigenesis have very similar pathophysiological processes, and both have DNA damage caused by oxygen free radicals. 5. Occupation: According to a 2006 study in Occupational and Environmental Medicine, firefighters have a multiplied risk of testicular cancer and an increased incidence of prostate cancer. The results of another study suggest that men who frequently work night shifts have significantly higher rates of colorectal, lung, bladder and prostate cancers. If the sitting work time is greater than 55%, the risk of colorectal cancer doubles. 6. Lifestyle: Many lifestyles may affect the occurrence and development of cancer: oral contraceptives, certain pesticides, long-term use of cell phones, food coloring, carbonated beverages. 10 conditions to be alerted: 1. Unexplained weight loss: Many cancers are accompanied by weight loss, and some cancer patients even have rapid weight loss as the first symptom. 2.Persistent low fever: It is commonly seen in leukemia, which is a manifestation of the body’s immune system being destroyed by the tumor. 3.Skin changes: The appearance of skin cancer is often irregular plaque-like with unclear boundary and rapid expansion. 4.Easy fatigue: Fatigue is a manifestation of cancer that cannot be ignored, because cancer cells consume a lot of energy rapidly. 5.Abnormal bleeding: including blood clotting disorder caused by blood tumor; and vaginal bleeding and pain caused by uterine cancer and cervical cancer in women. 6.Breast lump: hardening, lump or painful lymph node tissue in breast or other areas should be considered as the possibility of tumor. 7.Dry cough and hoarseness: Laryngeal cancer often turns into hoarseness and constant coughing, if it lasts for more than 1 month, the cause needs to be found. 8.Wounds or ulcers do not heal easily: Cancer reduces the immunity and tissue repair ability of the body, so wounds do not heal easily and mouth ulcers appear repeatedly. 9.Abnormal stool: If there is blood in the stool or abnormal shape of stool that lasts for a long time, you should also be alert. 10.Loss of appetite and indigestion: Many other diseases may show symptoms of indigestion such as flatulence, nausea and loss of appetite, but if it lasts for a long time, further examination is needed to find the cause. Some possible tumor prevention programs: The World Health Organization estimates that more than 30% of cancer-related deaths can be prevented through lifestyle modification and risk factor avoidance. “Quit smoking, reduce weight, stay away from junk food, avoid sedentary lifestyle, reduce alcohol consumption, combat HPV infection, intellectual environmental pollution and reduce soot from solid fuels”. Early detection is also an important factor in effectively reducing cancer deaths: for women older than 40 years old, or at menopause, annual PAP and mammogram; for men older than 45 years old, annual PSA screening is recommended. Some viral infections associated with cancer can be prevented by means of vaccination, such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV).