Blood pressure is the lateral pressure exerted on the walls of blood vessels by the flow of blood in the arteries of the body. Since this pressure is measured on the arterial blood vessels, it is also called arterial pressure. It includes: systolic pressure: the pressure measured on the walls of blood vessels when the heart is contracting; diastolic pressure: the pressure measured on the walls of blood vessels when the heart is diastolic, and blood pressure is expressed in the form: systolic pressure/diastolic pressure expressed in mmHg.
1.How to measure blood pressure accurately?
(1) The patient should use an oscillometric blood pressure monitor with an upper arm cuff.
(2) The patient should rest calmly for at least ten minutes before measurement.
(3) The patient should be in a sitting position with the arm positioned at the same height as the heart, palms up.
(4) Set the mercury column of the sphygmomanometer at position 0.
(5) The air in the cuff will be expelled, and the cuff will be wrapped evenly around the arm, the lower edge should be 2-3cm from the elbow joint, the tightness to be able to stuff a finger is appropriate. Too tight to measure the blood pressure value is low; too loose, the measured blood pressure value is high.
(6) Place the stethoscope membrane in the brachial artery, close the valve, inflate until no pulse beat can be heard, and then play 20-30 mmHg higher.
(7) slowly deflate, the first sound heard, the value indicated by the mercury column, for the systolic blood pressure value, continue to deflate, the final point of disappearance of the sound, the mercury column indicated for the diastolic blood pressure value.
2, blood pressure measurement should be done “four fixed”
(1) fixed time.
(2) fixed position.
(3) fixed site.
(4) fixed sphygmomanometer.
3, the World Health Organization recommended
(1) Do not talk during measurement.
(2) lean back in the back of the chair.
(3) The cuff should be equal to the level of the heart.
(4) Sit in a chair when taking the measurement.
(5) The arm to be measured should be supported.
(6) The feet should not be crossed.
(7) Ensure that both feet are on the floor.
4.A joint statement by the American Heart Association, the American Society of Hypertension and the Association of Preventive Cardiology Nurses
(1) Home blood pressure monitoring should be recommended as a routine method of blood pressure monitoring for most patients with hypertension or suspected hypertension.
(2) Blood pressure should be measured 2-3 times a week in the morning and evening in the sitting position; clinical decision making should be informed by this blood pressure every 12 hours.
(3) Home blood pressure monitoring should be recommended to evaluate the efficacy of any antihypertensive therapy and to improve patient tolerance.
(4) The target value for home blood pressure monitoring is 135/85 mmHg, and 130/80 mmHg in high-risk patients.
5. Principles of treatment of hypertension in renal disease
(1) Early treatment to achieve the target goal.
(2) General treatment as the basis, with special attention to limiting sodium intake <2g/d.
(3) Antihypertensive drugs from one & reg; multiple; small & reg; large amounts.
(4) antihypertensive should not be too fast or too violent.
(5) should not fluctuate too much during the day.
6.Improve lifestyle
Quit smoking; limit alcohol consumption; reduce weight; exercise properly; eat less salt; eat more vegetables and fruits; reduce mental stress and maintain psychological balance.
7.Appropriate exercise for hypertensive patients
(1) Aerobic metabolic exercise: such as brisk walking, jogging, swimming, cycling, fitness dance, rope skipping, mountain climbing, etc.
(2) appropriate amount of exercise: adhere to three, five, seven. Three refers to 3 kilometers, more than 30 minutes, a walk is best, two or three walks can also be; five refers to exercise about five times a week, such as regular fitness exercise every day, the most ideal; seven refers to the amount of exercise to reach a medium amount of exercise, that is, the heart rate in exercise to reach (170 – age) times / min. The pulse rate (equal to the heart rate) counted at the end of the exercise just after the exercise is 10% slower than in the exercise.
8, hypertension patients dietary considerations
(1) It is advisable to be low-fat: use less fat in cooking and try to use vegetable oil. General daily use of oil < 50 grams, avoid deep-fried, fried food.
(2) low salt: limit to 3 grams, can also be replaced by soy sauce, <10 ml per day. Avoid eating salted meat, salted vegetables, salted eggs and other foods.
(3) avoid overfull: the elderly digestive function is reduced overfull easily cause indigestion, acute pancreatitis, gastroenteritis, etc.; so that the diaphragm position shifted upward to affect the heart and lung function; heart and brain blood supply relatively reduced may cause a stroke.
(4) Do not drink too much: excessive drinking, especially strong wine, can make blood pressure rise.