1, endocrine disorders The occurrence of pancreatic cancer may also be related to endocrine, based on the fact that the incidence rate of men is higher than that of premenopausal women, while the incidence rate of women increases after menopause, similar to that of men. The incidence is also higher in women with a history of spontaneous abortion. 2. The role of bile For many years, it is believed that bile contains carcinogenic factors, because bile can flow back to the pancreatic duct, and pancreatic tissue is more sensitive to carcinogenic factors than the bile duct, so pancreatic cancer is far more common than bile duct cancer. At the same time, in pancreatic cancer, the cancer rate is higher in the pancreatic head, which has more exposure to bile, and the cancer mostly originates in the ducts rather than the alveoli, which also shows that this view has some basis. Primary pancreatic cancer can occur in any part of the pancreas, but it is most common in the head of the pancreas. Bramhall et al. found that 80%-90% of surgically treated pancreatic cancer masses were located in the head of the pancreas. Recent data from the Pancreatic Cancer Professional Committee of the Chinese Anti-Cancer Association showed that cancer of the head of the pancreas accounted for 70.1%, the tail of the pancreatic body for 20.8%, and the whole pancreas for 9.1%. 4. Gross pathology The pancreatic cancer manifestation is not consistent with the naked eye. The general shape of the pancreas in pancreatic cancer depends on the early stage of the disease and the size of the cancer. When the cancer is not large, the tumor is deeply hidden in the pancreas and cannot be seen from the surface of the pancreas, only irregular nodules can be felt during the examination. When the cancer increases, the shape of the pancreas changes, and there may be a limited swelling of the mass at the head or tail of the pancreas. The mass is not clearly demarcated from the surrounding pancreatic tissue. The pancreatic adenocarcinoma is mostly grayish or yellowish-white irregular in shape, or yellowish-white or grayish-white in color. There are also brownish or brownish-red bleeding spots or foci of necrosis. The pancreatic gland itself is often firm due to the increase of fibrous tissue, and some of them have pancreatic atrophy, and there are limited foci of fat necrosis in the pancreas, which may be due to the obstruction of the pancreatic duct by the cancer, rupture of the pancreatic duct and spillage of pancreatic fluid, causing local fat necrosis in the pancreas. The size of pancreatic cancer varies greatly and is related to the duration of the disease. In general, the diameter of the mass is often more than 5 cm. Sometimes this hard cancer can infiltrate the peripancreatic tissues extensively, causing the pancreatic mucosa to be unrecognizable in a mass of cancerous tissues; however, sometimes the cancerous tissues can be located in the central part of the pancreas, and the appearance is no different from that of the normal pancreas, only the head of the pancreas is particularly hard. It is also difficult to distinguish it from chronic pancreatitis because of the significant increase in fibrous tissue and decrease in glandular tissue on the cross-section.