Bronchial asthma is a condition in which chronic inflammation of the airways results in abnormally high airway reactivity, resulting in smooth muscle contraction and reversible airflow limitation. Typical airway changes include increased infiltration of eosinophils (a type of inflammatory cell) and other inflammatory cells such as mast cells, T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, as well as the release of other bioactive substances such as cytokines, chemokines, histamines, and leukotrienes. Chronic inflammation leads to structural changes in the airway, including thickening of the basement membrane, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of smooth muscle, and an increase in the number of mucus glands. Inflammation is an important cause of structural damage to the airways and chronicity of the disease. It is important to note that chronic inflammation in asthma is fundamentally different from inflammation in infectious diseases. The former is a non-specific inflammation or allergic inflammation, while the latter is an inflammation triggered by specific pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. The latter is treated with anti-infective medications (e.g., antibacterial drugs), while the former is usually recommended to be treated with inhaled glucocorticoid regimens to effectively control the symptoms of asthma and prevent disease progression.