Neurosurgery is recognized as the highest status field in medicine because of the extremely complex knowledge base required to perform such procedures and the rigorous selection process required to obtain permission to perform them. A doctor needs at least six to seven years of training before being allowed to perform neurosurgery, which is the longest and most demanding of all medical specialties. The branch of surgery. On the basis of surgery, it is the theory and technique of studying the etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, symptoms, diagnosis and prevention of injuries, inflammation, tumors, malformations and certain dysfunctional disorders (such as neuralgia, epilepsy, etc.) of the human nervous system (brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves) and its appendages (skull, meninges, cerebral vessels, etc.). Neurosurgery is one of the youngest, most complex and fastest growing disciplines in medicine. When did it originate, it is difficult to unify the vast amount of prehistoric data and archaeological evidence. In 1879, Mac Ewen performed the first formal craniotomy in Glasgow, England, where he successfully removed a flattened meningioma from the left anterior cranial recess with good results. Neurosurgery as an independent discipline was born in England at the end of the 19th century on the basis of the development of neurology, anesthesia, and asepsis, and its initial development and maturation was in the United States after the early 20th century. The initial development of neurosurgery has gone through a tortuous and difficult journey, in which many neurosurgeons and other medical professionals have made persistent efforts and pursued, some of them later became the masters of neurosurgery, and their immortal performance is forever remembered in the history of medicine in the world. Havey Cushing was an outstanding innovator of neurosurgical techniques in the history of neurosurgery; in 1917, he first proposed the principles of neurosurgical operation, designed the use of silver clips to stop bleeding and electrocoagulation, and first proposed the postoperative suturing of the dura and capitellum, which greatly reduced the mortality rate of brain surgery and made great achievements in the early development of neurosurgery. Dandy invented “ventriculography” in 1918, which greatly improved the localization and diagnosis of brain lesions, multiplied the success rate of surgery, and greatly reduced the mortality and disability rate. In 1927, the Portuguese Moniz invented “cerebral angiography”, which was used to determine the location and nature of intracranial lesions according to the changes in the morphology and position of blood vessels in cerebral angiography, making the diagnosis more accurate and making monumental achievements for the diagnosis and surgical treatment of modern cerebrovascular diseases. On March 12, 1920, the Society of Neurological Surgeons, the world’s first and largest neurosurgical institution, was established at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston, USA. The first neurosurgery center in the world, Cushing was the director for a long time, and many neurosurgeons from all over the world came to study there and became the leaders of their generation. In 1968, Prof. Yasargil of Switzerland pioneered neurosurgery under the microscope, breaking one surgical barrier after another, a major technical revolution in the history of neurosurgery. In 1970, Hounsfield made a groundbreaking invention in neuroradiology, namely, the electronic computerized X-ray tomography (CT). This non-invasive diagnostic technique has raised the level of neurosurgical diagnosis and treatment to an unprecedented level. The application of MRI in the diagnosis and treatment of neurosurgical diseases has brought another great leap forward in neurosurgery. In the early 70s, interventional neuroradiology, which integrates neuroimaging, neurosurgery and neurology, was born. It has enabled many neurosurgical diseases that were previously considered incurable and difficult to treat, such as huge, cerebral or spinal cord vascular malformations located in functional areas and difficult to reach by surgery, and huge intracranial aneurysms, to be treated effectively and to improve the safety of surgery. Stereotactic radiosurgery is another new treatment method developed since then, which uses electronic computer and stereotactic orientation to determine intracranial target points, and selects multiple groups of small doses of radiation to gather at the intracranial target points, so that the lesion can locally produce a destructive radiation dose. The most famous one is the Leksell stereotactic r-unit, or r-knife, produced in Sweden, which can be used for the treatment of functional neurosurgical diseases, intracranial tumors and vascular malformations and other lesions with minimal risk. Neurosurgery has now spread to county hospitals. Advances and research trends in the world of neurosurgery are quickly responding and gaining attention in China. The level of diagnosis and treatment of neurosurgery related to trauma in China is even ranked first in the world. With the development of modern electronic computers and other technologies, neurosurgery has entered a chopped new world in the new century. The future is the era of computer and genetic engineering, neurosurgery and the whole life science will face new challenges and opportunities, which will be the problem that every neurosurgeon needs to face squarely, let’s understand the history together, think about the future, and create a better tomorrow of neurosurgery together!