Minimally invasive surgery for gallstones currently includes both laparoscopic cholecystectomy for stone extraction and duodenoscopic ERCP route for bile duct stone extraction. Gallstones are divided into two categories: gallbladder stones and bile duct stones, depending on the location of the stones in our bile duct system. When we have gallstones, we first need to find out what kind of stones we have, and then we can choose different surgical methods according to the location of the stones. Minimally invasive surgery is different for gallbladder stones and bile duct stones. Gallbladder stones are found to be located in the gallbladder and the treatment strategy for these patients is different depending on whether the patient has symptoms or not. For patients with gallbladder stones, if they are asymptomatic or less frequent, they can be treated without surgery, but if, on the contrary, they have frequent symptoms of acute cholecystitis such as abdominal pain and fever, surgery for gallbladder stones should be considered. The current minimally invasive treatment procedure for gallbladder stones is usually laparoscopic cholecystectomy for stone extraction, and this procedure is now more commonly performed in China. Bile duct stones are stones found in the bile ducts. The best treatment for stones in the common bile duct and extrahepatic bile duct is the duodenoscopic ERCP route for bile duct extraction. In some patients with both gallbladder and bile duct stones, a combination of these two minimally invasive surgical approaches is required. These two minimally invasive treatment procedures are less invasive, have a faster recovery and are very mature.