Hemodialysis refers to the use of blood purification devices (i.e. artificial kidney) to remove various toxins and excess water from the blood of uremic patients while replenishing various beneficial substances for the purpose of purifying the blood. Hemodialysis is one of the common means of treating uremia and can effectively maintain the life of uremic patients. Before a patient with uremia can receive hemodialysis treatment, a vascular access must be established. A vascular access is the pathway that leads blood out of the body, into an extracorporeal circulation device and back into the body. It is the lifeline for patients who rely on hemodialysis to stay alive. Establishing and maintaining a reliable vascular access is a prerequisite for hemodialysis treatment. Vascular access is generally divided into two types: temporary vascular access and permanent vascular access. The flow of blood in the extracorporeal circulation during dialysis reaches 250 ml per minute, while the blood flow in the arm veins is usually only tens of ml, which is far from enough to meet the needs of dialysis, and the walls of the veins are thin and cannot withstand repeated punctures of the dialysis needles. Therefore, temporary vascular access requires percutaneous puncture of a dialysis catheter into a large vein or artery of the body to achieve sufficient blood flow to meet the needs of hemodialysis. The right internal jugular vein, femoral vein and subclavian vein are generally used for deep venous puncture, with the right internal jugular vein being the most commonly used. The right internal jugular vein is the most commonly used. It is simple to perform and can be used after puncture, but the catheter maintenance time is short, usually only a few weeks, which cannot meet the needs of long-term maintenance hemodialysis patients. For permanent vascular access, an autologous arterial-venous anastomosis (i.e., endovascular fistuloplasty) is often performed using the radial artery and cephalic vein in the forearm wrist. The radial artery on one side of the patient’s wrist is connected to the cephalic vein so that the arterial blood will directly impact into the venous wall for a long time, resulting in increased local venous blood pressure and thickening and expansion of the venous wall. Arteriovenous endovascular fistula solves the problem of vascular access for long-term dialysis in uremic patients, and is currently the safest, most economical, and longest-lasting vascular access. However, in some patients, such as those with advanced age, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease or atherosclerosis, especially those with slender vessels, venous embolism, and repeated punctures resulting in stenosis, arteriovenous endovascular fistulas are more difficult to perform and have poorer surgical results. Veins used as vascular access should be structurally and functionally mature before they can be used. The maturation time of the endovascular fistula should be human only. Autologous arteriovenous endovascular fistulas do not mature until their internal diameter is large enough to ensure successful puncture and provide adequate blood flow, a process that takes at least 1 month, so it is best to use them 3-4 months after endovascular fistuloplasty, and for patients with poor vascular conditions, the maturation of endovascular fistulas can take up to 6 months. Therefore, for patients who choose to undergo hemodialysis treatment in the future, they should undergo autologous arteriovenous endovascular fistula surgery in advance. For patients who may require an endovascular fistula, care should be taken to protect the veins of their limbs. If the procedure is performed one year earlier than the expected start of dialysis, there is sufficient time for the fistula to mature. Moreover, if the procedure fails, there is time for additional vascular access, which avoids the use of central venous cannulae.