Early prevention The treatment of lung cancer is poor, so the key to prevent and treat lung cancer is prevention. Level 1 prevention: the campaign to stop smoking. If all smoking can be banned one day, about 85% of lung cancers will not arise. As individuals, not smoking, avoiding passive smoking, reducing air pollution in the kitchen, and improving indoor and outdoor air quality are the main ways to prevent lung cancer. Level 2 prevention: Chemoprevention for people with high risk of lung cancer to prevent the development of lung cancer; high risk group is defined as: smoking index > 400 (number of years of smoking X number of cigarettes per day), 45 years old or older, and those with family history of tumor. Level 3 prevention: regular screening for people at high risk of lung cancer to detect lung cancer at an early stage. Early diagnosis (1) Understanding common clinical manifestations of lung cancer The typical symptoms of lung cancer are cough, blood in sputum, chest pain, shortness of breath and other lung manifestations; however, according to statistics, about half of the patients suffering from lung cancer initially show symptoms outside the lungs, and they often appear before the lung symptoms, which invariably become the early signal of lung cancer. However, since these symptoms do not seem to be related to lung cancer, they are often misdiagnosed as other diseases. Therefore, we should be alert and pay attention to grasp these signals, which will be helpful for early diagnosis and early treatment. What are the main extra-pulmonary symptoms of lung cancer? 1. Bone and joint symptoms: such symptoms are more common. Because lung cancer cells can produce certain special endocrine hormones (heterogenous hormones), antigens and enzymes, these substances can operate on bone and joint parts, resulting in swelling and pain of bone and joint, often involving tibia, fibula, ulna, radius and other bones and joints, and the ends of fingers and toes are often expanded to pestle-like fingers. 2.Shoulder and back pain: Pulmonary peripheral type lung cancer often develops posteriorly, erodes the pleura and involves the ribs and chest wall tissues, thus causing shoulder and back pain. Such patients rarely have respiratory symptoms. 3. Hoarseness: lung cancer metastases compress the laryngeal nerve, which can cause hoarseness due to vocal cord veneer paralysis. Since metastases of lung cancer can appear in early stage and county metastases can sometimes grow faster than the primary ones, the clinical manifestations of metastases can appear before the primary ones. 4.Neurological symptoms: brain metastasis of lung cancer may show neurological symptoms such as headache, vomiting, sudden coma, aphasia and hemiparesis, which are often misdiagnosed as and thrombosis and brain tumor due to the lack of obvious lung symptoms. 5. Male breast enlargement: about 10%-20% of male lung cancer patients have breast enlargement, unilateral but mostly bilateral, and this symptom appears about one year earlier than pulmonary symptoms such as cough, blood in sputum, chest pain and shortness of breath. This is because certain lung cancer cells can secrete chorionic gonadotropin, a hormone that can cause hyperplasia of breast tissue and make the breast hypertrophy. (ii) Combining with existing examination means Early diagnosis is of great significance. The diagnosis can be confirmed in most of the patients by comprehensive judgment based on detailed history, physical examination and relevant auxiliary examinations. The main examinations are: fluoroscopy, X-ray, chest computed tomography, magnetic resonance, fiberoptic bronchoscopy, sputum exfoliation cell examination, percutaneous lung puncture, mediastinoscopy, bone imaging or emission computed tomography, positron computed tomography, open chest lung biopsy, and tumor marker examination. Early treatment The treatment of lung cancer is based on the patient’s physical condition, the pathological type of tumor, the scope of invasion and the development trend, and the rational and planned comprehensive application of existing treatments, with a view to substantially improving the cure rate and the survival quality of patients. Clinically, lung cancer is divided into two categories: non-small cell lung cancer (including squamous carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma) and small cell carcinoma. Non-small cell lung cancer is treated with a combination of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, while small cell lung cancer is treated with chemotherapy, supplemented by surgery and radiotherapy.