Indications for airway stenting I. Tracheobronchial stenosis due to malignant disease (provided that the patient is not suitable for surgery) 1. External pressure stenosis of the airway due to lymph node enlargement It is the best indication for stent treatment. The best efficacy and few complications after stent placement. 2.Tumor infiltrates the airway to form circumferential airway stenosis. There are many complications after stenting, which need to be combined with intra-airway radiation therapy. 3.After the tumor growing in the cavity is treated by laser and other ablation techniques, stent is placed in the original obstruction site to maintain the continuity and patency of airway. 4.Lung cancer recurrence after surgery, primary lesion forming extra-airway pressure or circumaerial airway wall growth and intraluminal growth exist simultaneously, combined with intra-airway radiation therapy. 5.Tracheobronchial-esophageal fistula. II. Tracheobronchial stenosis due to benign diseases 1. Airway stenosis due to tracheobronchial endotracheal tuberculosis: about 46% of all cases. Patients are mostly under 35 years of age, and the lesion sites are mostly in the left main bronchus. The issue of whether to put a stent during the inflammatory phase of tuberculosis is more controversial. 2, tracheal intubation or incision leading to tracheal wall injury: compression causing airway wall ischemia or granulation after tracheal mucosal injury. 3, post-traumatic airway scar narrowing. 4, Local and/or extensive tracheobronchial cartilage softening due to different causes: e.g. after giant thyroid surgery. 5, Others such as tracheal anastomotic stenosis after lung transplantation, stenosis due to compression of trachea by enlarged thyroid or abnormal blood vessels, nodular disease, recurrent polychondritis, etc.