Kidney stones and kidney cysts are both common urological conditions and it is not uncommon for both to coexist. Sometimes, kidney cysts compress the urinary ducts in the kidney, resulting in poor urinary drainage, the formation of hydronephrosis, and secondary kidney stones. This condition is most often seen in polycystic kidneys, but also in cysts that grow inside the kidney, such as parapelvic cysts. Kidney stones mostly need active treatment, and many people need surgery. For kidney stones combined with kidney cysts, can surgery be handled at the same time? Firstly, it depends on whether the kidney cyst is necessary to be treated. Cysts that compress the urinary ducts of the kidney and cause local hydronephrosis, as well as those with uncomfortable symptoms, can be considered for treatment. Secondly, it depends on the location of the kidney cyst, the stone and the cyst are located in the same kidney to facilitate simultaneous treatment in one operation. Kidney stones are usually treated by minimally invasive procedures such as ureteroscopy or percutaneous nephrolithoscopy. If the cyst is located on or near the access road through which the stone is removed, the kidney cyst can be considered for treatment at the same time when designing the surgical plan. In this way, a single surgery can be achieved to treat both kidney stones and kidney cysts at the same time.