Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a technique and treatment that removes stones and relieves obstruction through the skin to the kidney under the direct view of a nephrolithoscope or ureteroscope with the help of stone extraction or lithotripsy instruments. It is also known as the “hole extraction” method – a minimally invasive treatment in which a small chopstick-sized hole is made in the waist to remove the stone. Holmium laser and pneumatic ballistic ultrasound are the most commonly used lithotripsy devices. Indications: 1. Complex kidney stones: kidney stones larger than 2.0 cm, antler-type kidney stones, multiple kidney stones, renal calyx diverticulum stones, kidney stones with pelvic ureteral junction stenosis, residual or recurrent kidney stones from open surgery, stones that cannot be crushed by extracorporeal lithotripsy or treatment failure. 2.Heavier obstruction or larger stones in the upper ureter above the fourth lumbar vertebra. 3.Ureteral polyp wrapped stones in the upper ureter, etc. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy has the advantages of high efficiency, little damage and fast recovery. At present, percutaneous nephrolithoscopy combined with ultrasonic lithotripsy is the most ideal treatment for complex kidney stones.