Kidney stones are a common disease and a frequent occurrence, and due to the influence of water quality, environment and people’s living habits, the area around Qi city is a high incidence of kidney stones, and the incidence of kidney stones is on the rise in recent years. The main clinical manifestations of kidney stones are: lumbar pain, hematuria, fever, etc. If not treated in time, it will cause urinary obstruction and may develop into renal insufficiency or even uremia. The traditional methods of kidney stone treatment include drug therapy, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), open surgery, etc. Drug therapy is only used for small stones (less than 0.6 cm), extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is only suitable for small stones (less than 1 cm in diameter) and normal kidney function, and open surgery has been replaced by new modern techniques due to the pain, bleeding, side effects and slow recovery. Minimally invasive technology —– percutaneous nephrolithotomy has replaced it. What is percutaneous nephrolithotomy technique? Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a technique to diagnose and treat diseases of the renal pelvis, calyces and upper ureter through percutaneous pelvic or calyx access, and is an important part of endoluminal urology. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a minimally invasive technique that has only been performed in a few large hospitals in China in recent years, and more than 90% of kidney stones can be treated by this method. Usually a 0.5 cm channel is established in the patient’s lumbar region to enter the kidney, and then a nephrolithoscope is placed to crush the stones directly under direct vision. Compared with open surgery and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotripsy has the following advantages: (1) stones can be detected and removed under direct vision; (2) stones can be crushed and removed at one time; (3) the operation can be stopped at any time and performed in stages; (4) since only a small “hole” is made in the lumbar region, the damage is less than that of open surgery and multiple extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. (5) It has no effect on kidney function; (6) The recovery is fast, and the patient can be discharged from the hospital in 5-7 days after the operation; (7) The kidney stone combined with the stenosis of the ureteropelvic junction can be treated at the same time. The main indications for percutaneous nephrolithotomy are: (1) various large kidney stones, especially intrarenal cast stones; (2) various complex and multiple kidney stones; (3) various kidney stones that have failed extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy; (4) various recurrent kidney stones; kidney stones with pelvic ureteric junction stenosis; (5) upper ureteral stones (middle and lower ureteral stones can be treated by ureteroscopy); (6) kidney and ureteral foreign bodies can also be treated by ureteroscopy. Foreign bodies in the kidney and ureter can also be removed by percutaneous nephroscopy.