Based on the main gross changes and histopathological features observed under bronchoscopy, the following types are classified: inflammatory infiltrative type, ulcerative necrotic type, granulomatous proliferative type, scar stenosis type, wall softening type, and lymph node fistula type. Wang Xiaoping, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shandong Chest Hospital, Shandong Province, China Tracheobronchial tuberculosis scar stenosis type IV (scar stenosis type): the lesion is mainly scar formation, lumen narrowing or occlusion. The mucosal tissue of trachea and bronchus is replaced by proliferating fibrous tissue, forming a scar, and the proliferation of fibrous tissue and scar contracture lead to narrowing or occlusion of the lumen of the involved bronchus. This type of lesion tends to be stable or healed, and brush tests are mostly negative for antacid bacilli. Tissue biopsies also tend to have no abnormal findings. Tracheoscopic manifestations of bronchial tuberculosis (scar stenosis type): As the bronchial tuberculosis lesion improves, the proliferating granulation tissue or caseous material will gradually form a scar, which only requires observation and follow-up when the lumen is patent or mildly stenosed. When the stenosis is located in the central airway and causes severe stenosis, it should be treated aggressively, such as balloon dilation, cryopexy, silicone stent implantation, etc. Based on the main gross changes and histopathological features observed under bronchoscopy, the following types are classified: inflammatory infiltrative, ulcerative necrotic, granuloproliferative, scar stenosis, wall softening, and lymph node fistula. type V (wall softening): the affected trachea and bronchial cartilage rings are missing or broken due to destruction, resulting in collapse of the trachea and bronchial lumen due to loss of supporting structures and formation of different degrees of The lumen of the trachea and bronchus collapses due to the loss of supporting structures, resulting in different degrees of obstruction, especially in the expiratory phase and when the intrathoracic pressure is increased. When this type of patient is diagnosed, the tuberculosis lesion is mostly stable or healed, and may manifest as recurrent nonspecific infections. Bronchial tuberculosis (softened and collapsed type) tracheoscopic manifestations: Based on the main gross changes and histopathological features observed under bronchoscopy, the following types are classified: inflammatory infiltrative type, ulcerative necrotic type, granuloproliferative type, scar stenosis type, wall softening type, and lymph node fistula type. Type VI (lymph node fistula type): Mediastinal or hilar lymph node tuberculosis ruptures into the airway to form a bronchial lymph node fistula. In the early stage of lymph node fistula, mucosal congestion, edema, roughness and luminal narrowing of the local bronchus caused by external pressure and invasion of lymph node nodules; in the late stage of fistula, the inflammation disappears, the tissue is repaired, granuloma forms at the fistula opening, and the fistula opening is healed and occluded. Local charcoal deposits are left behind. From the 2012 edition of “Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of tracheobronchial tuberculosis (trial)” Tracheoscopic manifestations of lymph node fistula type1: Tracheoscopic manifestations of bronchial tuberculosis (lymph node fistula)2: Bronchial tuberculosis of lymph node fistula type is divided into three stages: prebreakout, breakout and late breakout, in which the main manifestation of breakout is the overflow of white cheese-like necrotic material into the lumen of the bronchus, and the tissue around the fistula is congested and edematous. edema. In clinical practice, we found that the tracheoscopic manifestations of the ruptured stage can be subdivided into two types: the caseous necrotic type (shown above) and the granulomatous nodular type (shown below).