Viral hepatitis B is a major disease that threatens human health, and hepatitis B (HBV) virus infection is prevalent worldwide, but the prevalence of HBV infection varies greatly in intensity from region to region. According to the World Health Organization, about 2 billion people worldwide have been infected with HBV, 350 million of whom are chronically HBV-infected, and about 1 million people die each year from liver failure, cirrhosis and liver cancer (HCC) caused by HBV infection. The results of the 2006 national epidemiological survey of hepatitis B show that the HBsAg carrier rate of the general population aged 1-59 in China is 7.1 8%, which is a large country of hepatitis B in the world. Since the transmission route of hepatitis B in China is mainly mother-to-child transmission, mother-to-child transmission mainly occurs in the perinatal period, mostly through contact with the blood and body fluids of HBV-positive mothers during delivery. Vaccination against hepatitis B is the most effective way to prevent HBV infection, and if effective intervention is carried out in newborns, mother-to-child transmission can be blocked in most cases. Therefore, hepatitis B vaccination during the neonatal period is a critical period for preventing hepatitis B transmission. In recent years, hepatitis B vaccination has been vigorously promoted, and the state has provided hepatitis B vaccine free of charge, and the prevalence of hepatitis B vaccination has greatly increased, resulting in a significant decrease in the rate of hepatitis B infection in children under 5 years of age, which is only 0.96%, a remarkable result! The hepatitis B vaccine requires 3 doses throughout the entire course, according to the 0, l, and 6 months procedure, i.e., after the first vaccination, the second and third vaccinations are given at intervals of 1 month and 6 months. Hepatitis B vaccination for newborns is required within 24 hours of birth, the earlier the better. The vaccination site is intramuscular in the lateral anterior gluteal muscle for newborns and intramuscular in the middle deltoid muscle of the upper arm for children. Hepatitis B vaccination of newborns is divided into two cases: for newborns whose mothers are hepatitis B virus-infected (HBsAg-positive), high potency hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) should be administered immediately after birth (within 24 hours) at a dose of ≥100 IU, along with 10 μg of recombinant yeast or 20 μg of Chinese hamster oocyte (CHO) hepatitis B vaccine at different sites. The second and third doses of hepatitis B vaccine were administered at 1 month and 6 months of age, respectively. Alternatively, l dose of HBIG can be administered within 12 h of birth, followed by a second dose of HBIG 1 month later, and concurrently with l dose of 10 μg recombinant yeast or 20 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine at different sites, followed by the second and third doses of hepatitis B vaccine at intervals of l and 6 months, respectively. Newborns of HBsAg-negative mothers can be immunized with 5 μg or 10 μg yeast or 10 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine, and children who were not vaccinated against hepatitis B during the neonatal period should be given a catch-up dose of 5 μg or 10 μg recombinant yeast or 10 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine. The sign of successful vaccination is positive serum anti-HBs. If the vaccine is still negative, the vaccination dose should be increased (e.g., 60 μg) and 3 more doses can be administered, and the serum anti-HBs should be tested for 1-2 months after the second 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine. The protective effect of hepatitis B vaccination for those with antibody response generally lasts for at least 12 years, so there is no need for anti-HBs monitoring or booster immunization for the general population. However, anti-HBs monitoring can be performed in high-risk groups, and booster immunization can be given if anti-HBs is <10 mIU/ml.