1.How do I know I have hepatitis B? Chronic hepatitis B virus infection is defined as HBsAg positivity lasting for more than 6 months. If liver function is normal, it is called chronic hepatitis B virus carrier. Chronic hepatitis B virus carriers need to review liver function and other necessary tests every 6 to 12 months; if liver function is abnormal and other causes are excluded, the diagnosis is chronic hepatitis B. 2.What about HBsAg positive pregnant women? Pregnant women with positive HBsAg whose newborns are at high risk of hepatitis B virus infection, regardless of their hepatitis B virus DNA levels, newborns must be injected with hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) within 12?h after birth, in addition to hepatitis B vaccination. 3.When can a hepatitis B patient get pregnant? Before a woman with chronic hepatitis B virus infection plans to become pregnant, it is best to have her liver function evaluated by a specialist in infection or hepatology. Infected women with normal liver function can have a normal pregnancy; those with abnormal liver function can have a normal pregnancy if they recover after treatment and are rechecked normally for more than 6 months after stopping the medication. 4. Does antiviral treatment for hepatitis B have any effect on the fetus? Pregnancy during antiviral treatment must be done with caution. Because interferon can inhibit fetal growth, adefovir and entecavir have adverse effects on fetal development or teratogenic effects, so contraception must be used during use, and contraindicated during the first 6 months of pregnancy and during pregnancy. Tenofovir and telbivudine belong to pregnancy drug class B and have no significant effect on the fetus when used in the middle and late stages of pregnancy. Nevertheless, if pregnancy occurs during the use of any antiviral drugs, it is best to consult with the relevant physician to decide whether to terminate the pregnancy or to continue antiviral treatment. 5. How should pregnant women with hepatitis B be followed up? After pregnancy, liver function must be reviewed regularly in chronic hepatitis B virus-infected patients, especially in the early and late stages of pregnancy. If the liver function is normal in the first test, if there are no clinical symptoms of hepatitis, it should be rechecked once every 1~2 months; if the ALT level is elevated but does not exceed 2 times the normal value (<80?U/L) and there is no elevated bilirubin level, there is no need for medication, but rest is still needed and rechecked at intervals of 1~2 weeks; if the ALT level is elevated more than 2 times the normal value (i.e. >80?U/L) or the bilirubin level is elevated If the level of ALT is more than 2 times the normal value (i.e. >80?U/L), or the level of bilirubin is elevated, it is necessary to consult the relevant professional physicians, and if necessary, hospitalization, and in serious cases, termination of pregnancy. 6.Can HBIG be used in late pregnancy to prevent mother-to-child transmission? The application of HBIG to pregnant women with hepatitis B virus infection in late pregnancy cannot prevent mother-to-child transmission. 7.Do HBeAg-negative infected pregnant women need antiviral treatment? High levels of hepatitis B virus in pregnant women are the main risk factor for mother-to-child transmission, and reducing the amount of virus can reduce mother-to-child transmission. When a pregnant woman is HBsAg-positive but HBeAg-negative, her newborn has a protection rate of 98% to 100% after regular prevention. Therefore, there is no need to use antiviral therapy to prevent mother-to-child transmission in HBeAg-negative infected pregnant women. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection still occurs in 5%-15% of newborns of HBeAg-positive pregnant women after formal prophylaxis. However, HBeAg-positive pregnant women cannot be used as an indication for routine antiviral therapy to reduce mother-to-child transmission. 8. Do pregnant women with hepatitis B need antiviral therapy for abnormal liver function? Abnormal liver function during pregnancy does not increase the risk of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus in hepatitis B-infected patients, and most pregnant women will return to normal liver function after delivery. Therefore, routine anti-hepatitis B virus treatment cannot be given to those with abnormal liver function, and the indications for anti-hepatitis B virus treatment should be strictly controlled. 9.Can cesarean delivery reduce mother-to-child transmission? Cesarean delivery cannot reduce the rate of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus, so pregnant women with hepatitis B cannot choose cesarean delivery for this purpose. 10.How to prevent mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus? Hepatitis B vaccination is the most effective measure to prevent hepatitis B virus infection. When a pregnant woman is HBsAg negative, regardless of the antibodies related to hepatitis B virus, the newborn baby will be vaccinated according to the “0, 1, 6 months” program without HBIG. When a pregnant woman is HBsAg positive, regardless of whether HBeAg is positive or negative, the newborn baby must be vaccinated with HBIG and hepatitis B vaccine in a timely manner (0, 1, 6 months 3-dose program). 3-dose regimen at 6 months). If the pregnant woman’s HBsAg result is unknown, it is better to give HBIG to the newborn if possible. 11.Is the immunoprophylaxis for preterm infants the same as that for full-term infants? Premature infants have immature immune systems and usually require 4 doses of hepatitis B vaccine. Premature infants of HBsAg-negative pregnant women with stable vital signs and birth weight ≥2?000?g can be vaccinated according to the 3-dose program at 0, 1 and 6 months, and it is better to strengthen 1 dose at 1~2 years old; if the vital signs of preterm infants are unstable, they should first deal with related diseases and then be vaccinated according to the above program after they are stable. If the premature infant is <2?000?g, the 1st vaccination should be given after the weight reaches 2?000?g (if the weight does not reach 2?000?g before discharge, the 1st vaccination should be given before discharge); after 1~2 months, the vaccination should be re-administered according to the 3-dose protocol at 0, 1 and 6 months. HBIG must be given intramuscularly within 12?h after the birth of a premature infant of an HBsAg-positive pregnant woman, regardless of the physical condition, and another injection is required after an interval of 3~4 weeks. If the vital signs are stable, there is no need to consider the weight and vaccinate the 1st injection as soon as possible; if the vital signs are unstable, wait for stability and vaccinate the 1st injection as soon as possible; after 1~2 months or after the weight reaches 2?000?g, then re-inoculate according to the 3 injection plan for 0, 1 and 6 months. 12.Can pregnant women infected with hepatitis B virus breastfeed? HBsAg and hepatitis B virus?DNA can be detected in the breast milk of pregnant women with hepatitis B virus infection. Some scholars believe that cracked nipples, excessive sucking or even biting of the nipples by infants may transmit the virus to infants, but these are theoretical analyses and lack evidence-based medical evidence. More evidence proves that even if a pregnant woman is HBeAg positive, breastfeeding does not increase the risk of infection. Therefore, after formal prevention, regardless of whether a pregnant woman is HBeAg positive or negative, her newborn can be breastfed without testing for hepatitis B virus?DNA in the breast milk. 13. How should the newborn of an HBsAg-positive pregnant woman be followed up? Newborns of HBsAg-positive pregnant women need to be followed up with hepatitis B and half. However, for newborns without symptoms of hepatitis, it is not recommended to test hepatitis B two-pair half before 6 months of age. The appropriate time for follow-up is 1 month after the 3rd vaccination (7 months of age) to 12 months of age; if not, follow-up is still required after 12 months of age. 14.Can I get the hepatitis B vaccine during pregnancy? If a woman of childbearing age is screened negative for hepatitis B two-to-one before pregnancy, it is best to receive hepatitis B vaccine (10? or 20? μg) before pregnancy. If pregnancy occurs during the vaccination period, no special treatment is required and the full course of vaccination can be completed, as the hepatitis B vaccine has no significant adverse effects on the pregnant woman or the fetus. 15.Does the newborn need to be vaccinated with HBIG if the father is HBsAg-positive? When a pregnant woman is HBsAg negative but the father of the newborn is HBsAg positive, she is usually in close contact with the newborn because of caring for him, which increases his risk of infection, so it is better for the newborn to be injected with HBIG.