Sports traumatology is the discipline of studying, preventing and treating trauma in sports, summarizing the causes of its occurrence, the effects of treatment and the methods and time of rehabilitation and recovery. The first thing to clarify here is that sports system trauma and sports trauma are two different concepts. Skeletal, nerve and muscle tissues are the basic units of movement, and injury to any part of them will affect human movement, but not all sports system injuries are caused by sports, and the injuries that may be caused in sports are not only limited to the sports system. For example, motorcycle and automobile sports may cause cranio-cerebral injury and abdominal organ injury; another example is diving sports may cause eye trauma, which in turn belong to neurology, general surgery and ophthalmology respectively. In fact, sports trauma refers to the trauma related to specific sports action or occurring during sports, which is a multidisciplinary synthesis and a marginal discipline. It is a multidisciplinary and marginal discipline. From car accidents to small skin abrasions, they are all sports trauma, and cranio-cerebral trauma, maxillofacial trauma, ocular trauma, abdominal organ injury, etc. can occur in specific sports, and they are also part of sports trauma. The most common diseases that people hear about sports trauma, such as fracture, ligament rupture, muscle tendon rupture, etc., are only a part of sports trauma in sports orthopedics. How are sports injuries classified? Where do they occur? There are many ways to classify sports trauma, in summary, there are the following. 1.Classification according to injury types, including muscle ligament injury and rupture, contusion, limb fracture, skull fracture, spine fracture, joint dislocation, concussion, internal organ rupture, burn, frostbite, drowning and so on. Serious trauma is rare, mostly minor trauma, with muscle and fascia injury, tendon sheath, ligament and joint capsule injury the most. 2, according to the classification of sports injuries Minor injuries: no loss of motor ability; moderate injuries: loss of motor ability for more than 24 hours, requiring outpatient treatment; serious injuries: requiring long-term inpatient treatment. 3, according to the degree of loss of athletic ability classification mild injury: can be trained according to the plan; moderate injury: can not be trained according to the plan, need to stop the affected part of the exercise or reduce the affected part of the activity; severe injury: completely unable to train. 4, according to the relationship between sports technology and training classification sports technology injury: closely related to the characteristics of sports technology. Non-sport technical injuries: mostly accidental injuries. Although the general classification method can understand the severity of the injury, it cannot be applied in sports practice. Many sports injuries mainly affect specific sports movements and do not affect daily life, so general doctors regard them as minor injuries or not considered as injuries, but patients cannot participate in sports training, which is the focus of sports medicine prevention and treatment. There are many types of sports injuries, and different sports have different characteristics of the types of injuries. However, in general, there are more minor injuries, more chronic injuries and less serious and acute injuries. Some research shows that the parts easily involved in sports trauma are waist, knee, ankle, shoulder, wrist, thigh, neck and elbow in order. Which sports are likely to cause which sports injuries? Different sports have their own characteristics in terms of the types of trauma they are prone to. Athletics is the basis of all sports, including running, jumping, throwing and walking. Sprinting is prone to flexor strains of the posterior thigh, ankle tendinitis, and Achilles tendonitis. Racing may cause knee and ankle sprains due to sharp stops. Injuries are less common in middle and long distance running, but fatigue periostitis of the tibiofibular bone may occur during excessive exercise. The most common traumatic injuries in high jump and long jump are ligament twist or fracture of the ankle, heel contusion, ligament and meniscus injury of the knee. Basketball is most likely to cause sports injuries, most concentrated in the lumbar, ankle and knee joints. The most common injuries are ligament injuries (ankle sprains) or fractures of the ankle, ligament ruptures and meniscus injuries of the knee, finger contusions and navicular fractures of the wrist. Common chronic injuries in basketball include patellar cartilage injury, endopathy of the patellar tip, patellar tendonitis, and lumbar dorsal myofasciitis. Soccer is one of the sports with the highest incidence of trauma. The most common injury sites are knee, ankle, lumbosacral, calf, hand and wrist in that order, with anterior cruciate ligament injury of the knee and meniscal injury being the most common. Common chronic injuries are traumatic osteoarthritis of the ankle joint and chondromalacia patellae. The common injury sites in volleyball are the shoulder, knee and waist. Shoulder joint pain is most often caused by shoulder impingement syndrome, rotator cuff injury, and biceps tendon tenosynovitis. Knee injuries are most common with patellar chondromalacia, quadriceps terminal disease and meniscal injuries. In the lumbar region, muscle strain, vertebral plate fractures and sphenoid ligamentitis were more frequent. Table tennis injuries are relatively rare, with injuries concentrated in the waist, shoulder and knee, and injuries to the foot and ankle can also be seen. The lumbar back muscles are prone to strain, the rotator cuff and its surrounding synovial membrane are prone to chronic injury, and the knee joint is prone to strain. The elbow joint may occur epicondylitis of the humerus (backhand athletes are common). The incidence of various traumas in badminton is high. Among them, lumbar dorsal myofasciitis is the most common. Rotator cuff injuries are also characteristic of badminton. The knee joint is often in a semi-squatting position for force, which is prone to ligament injury. The foot and ankle often have a sudden braking, jumping, may occur acute ligament injury, Achilles tendon strain. Achilles tendon rupture is also very common. There are relatively more back injuries in swimming events, and backstroke and butterfly have the potential to cause shoulder impingement syndrome. Breaststroke is likely to cause medial collateral knee ligament, meniscus and anterior cruciate ligament injuries, and goose foot bursitis is also likely to occur. This is for athletes with high sport intensity. What should I pay attention to in the emergency management of sports injuries? Sports injuries are mostly manifested by the inability to perform specific sports, while the impact on daily life is relatively small, so they are often neglected by some physicians, and some proper treatments are introduced below. For more serious injury, it should be sent to hospital as soon as possible under proper protection (brace, cast, splint). For injuries that are judged not to have fractures and dislocations, the basic principle of treating sports injuries is to stop bleeding and prevent swelling early, it is very important to reduce bleeding and swelling as much as possible early, RICE principles: Rest – adequate rest and braking, most of the injuries can be healed by rest, activity will aggravate or cause new injuries; Ice – ice will reduce the bleeding and inflammatory response to the injury site, is a key step in the early treatment, ice should pay attention to ice water, also use a towel wrapped in an ice pack, ice 20 to 30 minutes is appropriate; Compression – compression Wrapping, with thick cotton or elastic bandage pressure wrapping, can play the role of braking, to prevent abnormal activities of the joint or re-injury, can reduce bleeding and edema, wrapping should be opened after 24 hours, observe the changes in the injured part; Elevation – elevate the affected limb, to ensure that the affected limb is above the level of the heart, which is conducive to the affected limb blood reflux, eliminate edema and reduce pain. After 48 hours, the methods that can be used are physiotherapy, including ultrashort wave, short wave therapy, fumigation, massage, external Chinese medicine, etc. Within 48 hours after the trauma, physiotherapy and massage can only be carried out around the trauma, and acupuncture treatment is feasible, and only after 3 days can they be carried out directly on the injured part, and the intensity is based on the standard of not causing pain.