Surgical treatment is still one of the most effective treatments for lung cancer. Removing intrapulmonary lesions together with lymph nodes that may have metastasis in the chest cavity is the principle that must be followed in surgical treatment. Patients who are not found to have extra-pulmonary metastasis through various preoperative examinations, who have not invaded major organs in the chest, who do not have malignant pleural effusion, and whose major organs such as heart and lung function, liver and kidney function can tolerate open-heart surgery are all targets of surgical treatment. Most patients who undergo surgery worry about postoperative wound pain and fear that coughing will affect their quality of life, but this can now be changed by anesthetic pain pumps and frozen intercostal nerve pain relief. It can be said responsibly that the safety, mortality and complication rates of lung resection surgery in China have changed a lot compared with those of 30 years ago, and they are not bad at all compared with those of developed countries. Surgical treatment of lung cancer includes different surgical resection methods, and mastering the indications of various surgical methods can improve the long-term survival rate and quality of life of lung cancer patients. For example, lobectomy plus hilar mediastinal lymph node removal is the most commonly used lung cancer surgery, accounting for about 70% of all lung resections. It has the advantages of less loss of lung function, fewer postoperative complications, low operative mortality, high long-term survival rate and good patient quality of life, and is suitable for most early and mid-stage lung cancer patients. If there are no complications, the patient can usually be discharged in seven or eight days after surgery. Television thoracoscopy-assisted lobectomy with small incisions can further reduce surgical trauma and shorten the hospital stay. However, intermediate and advanced lung cancer still accounts for a large proportion of cases, and unilateral total pneumonectomy with hilar mediastinal lymph node removal is a more common surgical procedure. If the indications are mastered appropriately and the surgical operation is standardized, unilateral total pneumonectomy is very safe, especially when some patients have combined with total pulmonary atelectasis or obstructive pneumonia, and there will be significant improvement in lung function and breathing after surgery. In addition, bronchoplasty lobectomy for lung cancer is now widely used, and it allows surgical treatment of lung cancer patients who cannot undergo total pneumonectomy and have impaired cardiopulmonary function, or elderly lung cancer patients with low lung function. In addition, combined pulmonary artery-bronchial sleeve shaped lobectomy is suitable for patients with lung cancer whose tumor directly invades the pulmonary artery trunk or whose tumor is closely adherent to the pulmonary artery trunk; TV thoracoscopic partial lung resection can be used for early peripheral lung cancer or for cases with more limited lesions that are far from the hilum and small in size. The surgical methods for lung cancer are selected according to the patient’s organism condition, tumor pathological type, invasion scope and development trend, all aiming to improve the cure rate and survival quality of lung cancer patients.