Upper limb and facial varicose, edema and bruising are symptoms of superior vena cava syndrome, also known as superior vena cava obstruction syndrome, which is a syndrome caused by venous obstruction in the superior vena cava or its surrounding lesions, resulting in obstruction of blood flow in the superior vena cava, resulting in varicose, edema and bruising in the upper limbs and facial veins. The majority of superior vena cava syndrome is caused by malignant tumors, such as lung cancer, primary mediastinal tumors, lymphoma and metastatic tumors, etc. Chronic mediastinitis and primary superior vena cava thrombosis can also cause superior vena cava syndrome. In the first half of the 20th century, superior vena cava syndrome was mostly caused by benign mediastinal disease, with syphilitic aneurysms accounting for almost half of the cases. In the second half of the 20th century, lung cancer has become the most common cause of superior vena cava syndrome, accounting for about 3%-15% of cases, with small cell carcinoma being the most common. After lung cancer, lymphoma is the second most common cause of the syndrome. Other malignant tumors, such as malignant thymoma. Seminoma, metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma, leukemia, and malignant cardiac tumors can all cause superior vena cava syndrome. Benign diseases cause 5% of superior vena cava syndromes. The most common benign disorders are retrosternal goiter and fibrous mediastinitis. Cephalothoracic angiomas are an important cause of superior vena cava syndrome in Western countries. In the last 20 years, interventional diagnosis and treatment of the superior vena cava has become common and catheters or wires such as Swan-Gans catheters, cardiac catheters, endocardial electrodes, and parenteral nutrition catheters have been used extensively, resulting in complications and many superior vena cava syndromes. In recent years, the occurrence of superior vena cava syndrome after direct cardiac surgery and cardiac transplantation has also been reported.